English language types tense form of the verb. English tenses are a surmountable barrier Types of tense forms

According to most grammars of modern English in

indicative active voice of an English verb

There are four main types of forms: indefinite, perfect, continuous, perfect-continuous. With the exception of the indefinite forms of the present (go/goes) and past (went) tenses, all of them are constructed analytically. But these two forms also exist in two versions each: go/goes - do/does go; went - did go, and the second options also have an analytical structure. The forms of each type are united by common structural features: for example, continuous forms are characterized by the indicator be + present participle, for perfect forms - the indicator have + past participle, for perfect continuous forms - have + be + present participle, the general indicator of indefinite forms cannot be is defined so clearly, however, if we take into account only the analytical forms of this type, then it can be conditionally designated as “auxiliary verb + infinitive”. The absence of a structural stereotype in these forms is explained by the peculiarities of their historical development. If the perfect, continuous and perfect-continuous forms can be considered in general as innovations of the English language that arose at different times in the historical era of its development, then the indefinite forms in this regard are heterogeneous: some of them (go/goes, went) represent a legacy of the prehistoric period development of the language, the remaining ones are a relatively recent innovation. Hence the fundamental differences in their structure. Analytical versions of the former are also innovations that arose in the 14th - 17th centuries. and indicating that the grandiose restructuring, which at different times covered all aspects of the grammatical structure of the English language, also affected its deepest layers: old synthetic forms began to be reorganized in accordance with new analytical models. However, in the sphere of the verb, the process of breaking down old synthetic models and the transition to new analytical ones was not fully realized: analytical models were established only as variants of synthetic ones in interrogative and negative forms; in the affirmative form, after some hesitation, the original synthetic model took hold. The analytical model in affirmative sentences in modern English functions only with an affirmative-emphatic meaning.

In the theoretical grammar of the English language, all varieties of these forms are usually called “tens”. Thus, the English verb is, as it were, attributed the ability to differentiate sixteen time stages. However, in the descriptions of the meanings of the forms themselves and their use, there appear meanings that differ from the meanings of time even in the broadest interpretation of this concept, for example, duration, repetition, effectiveness, which creates the need to rethink these meanings as characterizing not the time of the action, but the way it occurs, and requires consideration of these forms from the point of view of not only temporal, but also species relations. However, the interpretation of the forms under consideration as a single system does not become more definite from this. It is still not clear what relationship the values ​​of aspect and time have with each other and how they are distributed among the known sixteen forms.

The entire history of teaching about the English verb is a series of attempts to build a model of type-tense relations that would cover all the general and particular meanings of each of the forms under consideration. Currently, the opinions of grammarians on this issue converge on only a few positions. Thus, at present, in the system of forms of the English verb, the grammatical categories of tense and aspect are unconditionally distinguished, although in different interpretations. In addition, there is an additional category of temporal reference proposed by A.I. Smirnitsky, the theory of which is supported by the majority of researchers, although it has opponents in scientific circles.

In the following, this chapter examines in more detail the most controversial issues related to the meanings of the categories of time, aspect and special category of temporal reference in modern English.

Many of those who study English know that it contains two groups of tenses.

Three main ones:

• Present;
• Past;
• Future.

The presented times, depending on the situation, are added to the secondary times:

• Simple;
• Progressive;
• Perfect;
• Perfect Progressive.

The result of adding these two groups is the presence of 12 tenses in the English language.

The listed tenses are usually arranged in a table that clearly shows what form the verb takes when it is in a particular time period.

Also in the table you can see the first indications of how in English.

In order to better remember complex material, you need to study it playfully; for this, in addition to the scientific table of times, we will show you a comic one, which for some will be easier to study.

Rules for determining tenses

Having looked at how verb forms are correctly called, we will answer the question of how to determine tense in English. To answer, let's look at the step-by-step instructions.

• The first step is to translate the sentence we are working on to make it easier to understand what information is being given to us.
• The second step is to determine the time marker. In each tense in the language we are considering, there is a marker - a word that easily allows you to determine the time. Such words indicate a specific point in time or a relative one. For example, in Present Simple such markers are words such as: every day, often, constantly. These markers, as can be seen from the example, indicate regular time, but not only this sign indicates this type of time. Another marker is the usual name of the action: I like watermelon. In this case, it is inaccurately indicated when you like him, and you are simply talking about your action without specifying the time period.

This example shows that such markers make it easy to recognize and correctly determine time in a sentence. Based on this simple example, we want to show that each time has its own markers - words by which you can easily understand what time is in front of you. The main thing is to remember the markers.

• The third step is to remember what time the marker refers to.

• The fourth step is to determine the time.

Having considered how to correctly determine time in English, let us pay attention to the following point: how to determine tense

Rules for determining verb tense

To solve this problem, as in the previous case, we will use step-by-step instructions.

• The first step is to underline the verbs that we see in the sentence.
• The second step is to remember whether this verb is correct or not, because, according to reference books on the English language, a verb has three properties by which it can be easily determined:

1. Time is one of the main ones: past, future or present.
2. Type of time - subtime determined by the marker.
3. The voice is passive (an action is performed on the speaker) or active (an action is performed on the speaker).

If the verb is correct, you can turn to the dictionary or lexicon, otherwise - to the table of irregular verbs or again to the verbs of the same type that you have learned.

• The third step is to find a compound next to the main verb that relates directly to time.

For example, for the group Past - was, did ...; verb ending in -ed.

For Present: do, does…; verb ending in -s.

Such examples most clearly show that it is easy to determine the tense of any verb, and answer the constantly arising question for those who are just beginning to figure out how to determine the tense of a verb in English.

Let's summarize

So, to summarize, we would like to note that we have examined the main and difficult issues when learning English, focusing on the first one: how to determine time in English, since it is the key to correct and quick learning. Apart from answering the main question, we have also described how to easily learn and understand each tense and recognize it in a sentence.

Finally, I would like to give some advice: devote the maximum amount of time and attention to the topic “How to determine the tense of a sentence in English.” The main thing here is practice and its regularity. Then you can easily answer the question of how to determine time in English. Good luck.

The actions and events we are talking about can take place in three time plans. V present(i.e. now, today, this year, etc.), in past(some time ago, last year, 1960, etc.) and in future(i.e. after some time, tomorrow, etc.). In Russian there are three types of tense forms of the verb. form of present, past and future. There are more tense forms in English.

In both Russian and English, verbs change their form in order to correlate actions (or states) with one or another time plan. This change in verb forms is called “verb tense” in Russian, and in English it is called “tense”.

In English, verbs can be divided into two groups. basic(or semantic), i.e. verbs that have an independent lexical meaning and are translated in a sentence into Russian ( to go - go, to write - write, etc.) And auxiliary verbs, with the help of which complex verb forms are formed. Auxiliary verbs do not have an independent lexical meaning and serve only as an indicator of tense, voice, mood, and in some cases person and number of the semantic verb. The following English verbs are auxiliary verbs. to be, to have, to do, shall, will, should, would. Verbs shall, should, will, would, to be, to have are used in a modal meaning, moreover, auxiliary verbs to be, to have, and also an auxiliary verb to do may also be meaningful. Auxiliary verbs are not translated into Russian. For example:

3.3 Verb to be

Verb to be how the main verb is translated into Russian " to be, to be, to be, to be able to, to be located».

Verb to be in Present, Past and Future Simple has the following forms.

Verb to be can perform various functions in a sentence.

3.4 Sentences with construction there be

In English, this construction is used in sentences that report the presence of some object or person in some place. This object (person) is named for the first time. Translation of sentences with construction there be you need to start with the adverb of place or time or with the predicate. For example:

There isa student’s club at our university. - At our university There is student club.

There aremany problems in this field nowadays. - Nowadays in this area exists Many problems.

3.5 Verb to have

Verb to have– ambiguous. It can be used as a significant (main) verb in the meaning of “to have, to own”, as an auxiliary verb (Perfect Tenses) and as a modal verb (have to) to express the need to perform an action.

Verb to have in Present, Past, Future Simple has the following forms.

Verb have and expression have got translated the same way "to have, to possess".

have =have got

has =has got

however, verb have(has) is used in written, official speech, while the expression have got(has got) used in informal, colloquial speech. For example:

Meaning and functions of the verb to have (to)

It is known that when learning English, many people have difficulties with the complex system of verb tenses. In English grammar, there are 26 types of verb tenses in both voices (active and passive). Many people can’t even remember them, let alone use them correctly. How can you remember all these tenses in English?

To begin with, I compiled a table of English tenses with examples, which reflected absolutely all their types. It is important that this table contains examples, so you can see how and what exactly is changing.

It should be taken into account that in English there are four groups of tenses.

Tenses in English

indefinite

long (Continuous)

perfect

Perfect-Continuous.

In each of these tense groups there are four tenses:

present

past

future

future in the past (Future-in-the-past).

In addition, there are five verb forms in English.

English verb forms

infinitive (indefinite form, which is given in dictionaries)

verb in the third person and singular (always ends in -s or -es)

simple past tense (regular verbs have the ending -ed or -d, and irregular ones must be looked at in a special table of irregular verbs)

past participle (regular verbs again have the ending -ed or -d, and irregular verbs must also be looked at in a special table of irregular verbs)

present participle (always ends in -ing).

All this seems terribly complicated, although it is not. In Russian we say: I’m walking, he’s walking, we’re walking, you’re walking, you’re walking, they’re walking, it’s walking. Here are seven forms of the verb "to go" in the present tense. And there is also the future and the past. And each has its own endings and prefixes. English has few endings. This is compensated by the presence of complex and varied prepositions and a large number of tense forms of the verb.

Table of English tenses with examples

To prevent the table from being cumbersome, the following conventions are used here:

V – infinitive.

V-es is a verb in the third person, singular, present tense.

V-ed is the simple past tense. It is a verb ending in –ed or –d. For irregular verbs, this is the second column of the table of irregular verbs.

V3 – past participle. Regular verbs typically end in –ed or –d. For irregular verbs, this is the third column of the table of irregular verbs.

V-ing is the present participle.

To illustrate the translation of each form of the verb, an example phrase is given - a sentence in English with this form and its translation. The form of the verb and its translation are underlined in the sentences.

Comments are provided where required.

Please note that there are six fewer forms of the English verb in the passive voice (Passive) than in the active voice (Active).

Active(active voice)	Passive(passive voice)
Indefinite (uncertain times)
Present (present time)
I write letters every day. I writing letters every day.	The letter is written. This letter write.
Past (past tense)
I wrote a letter yesterday. Yesterday I wrote letter.	The letter was written yesterday. This letter was written yesterday.
Future (future tense)
I will write a letter tomorrow. I I'll write letter tomorrow.	The letter will be written tomorrow. This letter will be written Tomorrow.
Future-in-the-past (future in the past)
I said that I should write a letter to him. I said that I I'll write a letter to him.	would, should be V3 He said that the letter would be written tomorrow. He said that the letter will be written Tomorrow.
Continuous (long times)
Present
I am writing a letter (at the present moment). I writing letter (currently).	The letter is being written. This letter write(At the moment).
Past
I was writing a letter at five o’clock. I wrote letter at five o'clock.	was, were being V3 The letter was being written at five o'clock. This letter wrote at five o'clock.
Future
I will be writing a letter at five o’clock. I I will write letter at five o'clock.	——-
Future-in-the-past
would, should be V-ing I said that I should be writing a letter at five o’clock. I said that I I will write letter at five o'clock.	——-
Perfect (perfect tenses)
Present
I have written the letter. I have already wrote letter (to date).	have, has been V3 The letter has been written. This letter is already written(to date).
Past
I had written the letter by five o'clock. I have already wrote letter by five o'clock.	The letter had been written by five o'clock. By five o'clock the letter is already wrote.
Future
I will have written the letter by five o'clock. I have already I'll write letter by five o'clock.	will have been V3 The letter will have been written by five o'clock. By five o'clock the letter is already will be written.
Future-in-the-past
would, should have V3 I said that I should have written the letter by five o'clock. I said I already I'll write letter by five o'clock.	would, should have been V3 He said that the letter would have been written by five o'clock. He said that by five o'clock the letter had already arrived. will write.
Perfect-Continuous (perfect-long tenses)
Present
I have been writing the letter for an hour. I writing the letter is already an hour old.	——-
Past
I had been writing I wrote the letter was already an hour old when he arrived.	——-
Future
will have been V-ing I will have been writing the letter for an hour when he comes. I I will write the letter is already an hour when he arrives.	——-
Future-in-the-past
would, should have been V-ing I said that I should have been writing the letter for an hour when he came. I said that I I will write This letter is already an hour away when it arrives.	——-

How to use the tense table in English?

Print the table and carry it with you. But it’s even better to rewrite the table by hand. This way she will be better remembered. At every opportunity, just look through it. Try to grasp in detail how the translations of different tense forms differ.

It's even better if you try to make your sentences with different verbs for each tense. This is not always easy, but very rewarding work.

After about a week, you will realize that you have learned the table of English tenses by heart. Check this by restoring it on paper from memory. Now it will be much easier for you to translate from English, since you will immediately notice these forms in the texts and they will not confuse you. All other words can be looked up in dictionaries, and knowledge of tense forms will allow you to connect these words without losing the meaning and idea of ​​the author.

All! Congratulations on mastering a large part of English grammar!!! Now you won't be scared at times in English!

TYPE OF A SENTENCE	VALID PLEDGE	PASSIVE VOICE
Affirmative	I (we, you, they) ask. He (she, it) ask s.	I am asked. He (she, it) is asked. You (we, they) are asked.
INTERROGATIVE	Do I (we, you, they) ask? Does he (she, it) ask?	Am I asked? Is he (she, it) asked? Are you (we, they) asked?
NEGATIVE	I (we, you, they) don't ask. He (she, it) does not ask.	I am not asked. He (she, it) is not asked. You (we, they) are not asked.

	CASE OF USE
	A habitual, regularly repeated action in the present (often with words every day every day, usually usually, often often, never never and so on.)	I often write letters to my sister. I often write letters to my sister.
	Well-known facts, irrefutable truth	Water freezes at zero. Water freezes at 0° WITH.
	A series of sequential actions in the present (often with words at first at first, then then, then, after after and so on.)	I come to the office, look through the mail and then write letters. I come to work, check my email, and then write letters.
	In subordinate clauses, time and conditions after conjunctions: if If, when When,as soon as as soon as, before before etc. instead Future Indefinite	As soon as I write the letter, I’ll post it immediately. As soon as I write a letter, I will send it immediately.
	A single, specific action in the future (usually intended to be done, planned, with a time in the future, often with verbs indicating movement)	He comes tomorrow. He's coming tomorrow. When does the ceremony take place? When will the ceremony take place?
	An action taking place at the moment of speech, with not used in group tenses Continuous (to see, to hear, to recognize, to want, to understand and etc.)	I see a ship in the distance. I see a ship in the distance.

TYPE OF A SENTENCE

VALID

PLEDGE

PASSIVE

PLEDGE

Affirmative

Ask ed.

I (he, she, it) was asked.

You (we, they) were asked.

INTERROGATIVE

Did

Was I (he, she, it) asked?

Were you (we, they) asked?

NEGATIVE

I (he, she, it, we, you, they) did not ask.

I (he, she, it) was not asked.

You (we, they) were not asked.

	CASE OF USE
	An action in the past that happened at any specified moment	Yesterday I wrote a letter to my sister. Yesterday I wrote a letter to my sister.
	A regularly repeated action in the past (often with words every day every day, often often, at first at first etc.)	He wrote letters to his parents every day. He wrote letters to his parents every day.
	In this case, often instead turnover is used used to +, which can also indicate the length of the action period in the past	He used to play football. He used to play football.
	Consistent actions in the past	He came home, had his dinner and went to bed at once. He came home, had dinner and immediately went to bed.

RULE

EXAMPLE

Unreadable final -e discarded

to plac eplace -

placed posted

If the word ends in-y, and there is one consonant before it, then-y changes to -i-

to cr ycry-cr i ed cried

If before -ythere is a vowel, then-y does not change

to pla yplay- pla y ed played

If a word ends with one consonant and is preceded by a short stressed syllable (usually one stressed vowel), then the final consonant is doubled

to sto pstop -sto pp ed has stopped

Disyllabic or polysyllabic verbs ending on a single consonant preceded by a short vowel sound double the final consonant only if the stress falls on the final syllable

to permi tallow-permi ttedallowed;

But:to limit tlimit- limi t ed limited(last syllable unstressed)

OFFERS

VALID

PLEDGE

PASSIVE VOICE

Affirmative

I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will ask.

(I (we) shall ask.)

I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will be asked.

(I (we) shall be asked.)

INTERROGATIVE

Will I (he, she, it, we, you, they) ask?

(Shall I (we) ask?)

Will I (he, she, it, we, you, they) be asked.

(Shall I (we) be asked.)

NEGATIVE

I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will not ask.

(I (we) shall not ask.)

I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will not be asked.

(I (we) shall not be asked.)

Auxiliary verb form shall is obsolete and is not used in colloquial speech (an auxiliary verb is always used will): I will answer your question. I will answer your question. Use shall as an auxiliary verb for the formation of the future tense can be found in official and outdated texts, old textbooks. However shall used in interrogative sentences when it is necessary to find out the interlocutor’s opinion about the advisability of performing an action: Shall I open the window? Should I open the window? remember, that shall can be not only auxiliary, but also with the meaning of ought (“should”). This case is characterized by the use of the 3rd person singular: He shall do it! He must do it! Short form for will And shall the same - apostrophe and double "l" - "ll: I"ll be back! I'll come back! Short negative forms: will not = won't (shall not = shan"t- practically not used): That won't do any good! This won't do any good!

	CASE OF USE
	An action that has taken place or will take place in the future. This tense can denote either a one-time or repeated action (often with tense adverbials such as tomorrowTomorrow, in a week a week later, nextmonth next month etc.)	He will return to Moscow in a few days. He will return to Moscow in a few days.
	Expresses a series of sequential actions in the future	They will come home, have their dinner and then go to the cinema. They will come home, have dinner and then go to the cinema.
	Well-known facts that are irrefutable truths that indicate what will always be true, under all conditions, at any time in the future	Water will boil at 100°C. Water (over) boils at 100° WITH. Winter will follow autumn. Autumn is followed by winter.

Modal meaning expressions of will("want"), sometimes assigned to an auxiliary verb will, most likely, is associated with the modal essence of the future tense itself: when talking about the future, we express our assumptions, intentions, plans, predictions, etc. The same modal meanings are preserved when using tenses of the Present group. Compare: I will go to London this summer. This summer I By going to London. I go to London this summer. I'm going to London this summer. The only difference between these sentences is the degree of certainty, but in both cases there is a modal meaning of intention, prediction.

Presentation on "Future Simple":

Presentation on the topic "Continuous tenses in English":

OFFERS	VALID PLEDGE	PASSIVE VOICE
Affirmative	I am asking. He (she, it) is asking. You (we, they) are asking.	I am being asked. He (she, it) is being asked. You (we, they) are being asked.
INTERROGATIVE	Am Am I asking? Is he (she, it) asking? Are are you (we, they) asking?	Am I being asked? Is he (she, it) being asked? Are you (we, they) being asked?
NEGATIVE	I am not asking. He (she, it) is not asking. You (we, they) are not asking.	I am not being asked. He (she, it) is not being asked. You (we, they) are not being asked.

	CASE OF USE
	Action in development, unfinished, occurring at the moment of speech	I am writing a letter to my sister now, don’t bother me. I'm writing a letter to my sister now, don't bother me.
	Action in the near future (usually with a time adverbial)	My wife is coming in a minute. My wife will come in a minute.

OFFERS	VALID PLEDGE	PASSIVE VOICE
Affirmative	I (he, she, it) was asking. You (we, they) were asking.	I (he, she, it) was being asked. You (we, they) were being asked.
INTERROGATIVE	Was I (he, she, it) asking? Were you (we, they) asking?	Was I (he, she, it) being asked? Were you (we, they) being asked?
NEGATIVE	I (he, she, it) was not asking. You (we, they) were not asking.	I (he, she, it) was not being asked. You (we, they) were not being asked.

	CASE OF USE
	Action in development, unfinished, occurring at a certain moment in the past	Yesterday at 6 o’clock I was writing a letter. Yesterday at 6 o'clock I was writing a letter.
	An action occurring at the moment when some other action, expressed in terms of (in subordinate clauses, usually starting with the word when When)	He was reading a book when I entered the room. He was reading a book when I entered the room.
	Parallel actions in the past (in subordinate clauses of time, usually beginning with the word whilebye, while)	I was watching TV while he was looking through the newspapers. I watched TV while he looked through the newspapers.
	An action that took place over a limited period (when the sentence emphasizes the duration of the process), often with words all day long all day, the whole month whole month etc.	I was talking to him from 7 till 8 o’clock last night. I talked to him last night from 7 to 8 o'clock.

OFFERS	ACTIVE VOICE	PASSIVE VOICE
Affirmative	I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will be asking. (I (we) shall be asking.)
INTERROGATIVE	Will I (he, she, it, we, you, they) be asking? (Shall I (we) be asking?)	DOES NOT EXIST
NEGATIVE	I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will not be asking. (I (we) shall not be asking.)

	CASE OF USE
	Action in progress, unfinished, occurring either at a certain point in the future or during a whole period in the future	I" I'll be waiting for you at 5 o"clock. I'll be waiting for you at 5 o'clock. I " ll be translating this article all day long tomorrow. Tomorrow I will be translating this article all day.
	An action that will be performed occurs at the moment when another action occurs, expressed in the form (in subordinate clauses of time starting with the word when When)	I" will be working when you come. I'll be working when you come.
	Parallel actions in the future, i.e. occurring at the same time (in subordinate clauses of time beginning with the word while bye, while)	He will be reading while the children will be swimming. He will read while the children are swimming.
	An action in the future that will result from the natural course of events, and the exact time of its occurrence may not be specified	I" ll soon be starting my studies at King's College. Soon I will be studying at King's College.

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
OFFERS	VALID PLEDGE	PASSIVE VOICE
Affirmative	I (we, you, they) have asked. He (she, it) has asked.	I (we, you, they) have been asked. He (she, it) has been asked.
INTERROGATIVE	Have I (we, you, they) asked? Has he (she, it) asked?	Have I (we, you, they) been asked? Has he (she, it) been asked?
NEGATIVE	I (we, you, they) have not asked. He (she, it) has not asked.	I (we, you, they) have not been asked. He (she, it) has not been asked.

CASES OF USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
	CASE OF USE
	An action that took place in the past, but has a direct connection with the present moment. No time specified	I have written this letter. I wrote this letter.
	An action that took place in the past period in the present (with words such as today Today, this week this week, this month this month etc.)	This week I have called her twice. I called her twice this week. I have visited him today. Today I visited him.
	With adverbs of indefinite tense: never never, ever ever, yet more, alreadyalready, lately recently(in recent days or months), recently recently(in recent months or years); with the word since since, since then	I haven't seen him since spring. I haven't seen him since spring.
	In subordinate clauses of time and conditions after conjunctions afterafter, ifIf, when When, as soon as as soon as, beforebefore instead of Future Perfect	I'll go to the Crimea after I have taken my exams. I will go to Crimea after I pass my exams.
	An action or state that was not completed at the time of speech (translated into the present tense)	I have known him for many years. I've known him for many years.

OFFERS	VALID PLEDGE	PASSIVE VOICE
Affirmative	I (he, she, it, we, you, they) had asked.	I (he, she, it, we, you, they) had been asked.
INTERROGATIVE	Had I (he, she, it, we, you, they) asked?	Had I (he, she, it, we, you, they) been asked.
NEGATIVE	I (he, she, it, we, you, they) had not asked.	I (he, she, it, we, you, they) had not been asked.

OFFERS	VALID PLEDGE	PASSIVE VOICE
Affirmative	I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will have asked. (I (we) shall have asked.)	I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will have been asked. (I (we) shall have been asked.)
INTERROGATIVE	Will I (he, she, it, we, you, they) have asked? (Shall I (we) have asked?)	Will I (he, she, it, we, you, they) have been asked? (Shall I (we) have been asked?)
NEGATIVE	I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will not have asked. (I (we) shall not have asked.)	I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will not have been asked. (I (we) shall not have been asked.)

	CASE OF USE
	An action that will be completed before a certain point in the future, which is determined by the circumstance of time from by to, to	I" ll have translated this text by 2 o"clock tomorrow. I will translate this text tomorrow before 2 o'clock.
	An action that will be completed before another action in the future, expressed in (c by to, to)	I" ll have written my composition by the time you ring me up. I'll write the essay before you call me.

OFFERS	ACTIVE VOICE	PASSIVE VOICE
Affirmative	I (you, we, they) have been ask ing. He (she, it) has been ask ing.
INTERROGATIVE	Have I (you, we, they) been ask ing? Has he (she, it) been ask ing?	DOES NOT EXIST
NEGATIVE	I (you, we, they) have not been ask ing. He (she, it) has not been ask ing.

CASE OF USE
An action or state that began before the present moment, lasted for some period of time and continues at the moment of speech or ended immediately before the moment of speech. In this case, either the entire validity period is indicated (usually with for during, already since since, since)	I have been watching TV for 2 hours. I've been watching TV for 2 hours already. I have been waiting since yesterday morning. I've been waiting since yesterday morning.

OFFERS	ACTIVE VOICE	PASSIVE VOICE
Affirmative	had been ask ing.
INTERROGATIVE	Had I (he, she, it, you, we, they) been ask ing?	DOES NOT EXIST
NEGATIVE	I (he, she, it, you, we, they) had not been ask ing.

CASE OF USE
Expresses a prolonged action or state that began earlier than another action or state, usually expressed by the form , and when this action or state occurred, it still continued for some time or was interrupted. In this case, either the entire period of action or state is indicated (usually with for during, already), or the initial moment (usually with since With)	I had been writing a letter for 2 hours when he came. I had been writing the letter for 2 hours when he arrived. I had been reading this book since 3 o"clock when he came. I had been reading this book since 3 o'clock when he arrived.

OFFERS	ACTIVE VOICE	PASSIVE VOICE
Affirmative	I (he, she, it, you, we, they) will have been ask ing. (I (we) shall have been ask ing.)
INTERROGATIVE	Will I (he, she, it, you, we, they) have been ask ing? (Shall I (we) have been ask ing?)	DOES NOT EXIST
NEGATIVE	I (he, she, it, you, we, they) will not have been ask ing. (I (we) shall not have been ask ing.)

CASE OF USE
An action or state that begins before a certain point in the future and continues up to that point (or continues at that point), indicating the entire period of the action or state (usually with for during) or indicating the initial moment of action (usually with since With)	By the time my alarm-clock rings I" ll have been sleeping for 8 hours. When my alarm rings, I will have already slept for 8 hours. By the end of September she will have been living here for 7 years. By the end of September she will have lived here for 7 years.

In addition to the twelve verb tenses, four more forms are often distinguished for expressing the present, past and future tenses in the indicative mood Future in the Past (future in the past), which are formed similarly to the corresponding forms Future with replacement will (shall) forms would (should).

FUTURE INDEFINITE IN THE PAST		would (should) +

The action or state expressed by this construction is on the way to implementation, is only outlined and in most cases has the meaning of intention. The infinitive can be used in any form except the perfect. If the verb to be used in the present tense ( am, is, are), then the construction expresses an action or state related to the future. If the verb to be is in the past tense form ( was, were), then it expresses a past intention to perform some action.

№ p/p	CASE OF USE	EXAMPLE
	The intention to perform an action in the future, the proximity of which depends on how far the speaker's plans go.	I am going to leave. I'm about to leave.
	A person's personal opinion about another person's intentions or upcoming events	She" s going to be showing some of the latest things, I think. I think he's going to show some new stuff.
	An inevitable action or condition (fate, fate, etc.)	Ain't fun to know that you" re gonna die young. Isn't it funny to know that you are dying young?

NOTES
№ p/p	NOTE	EXAMPLE
		I" m gonna tell you're a secret. I will tell you a secret.
	In complex sentences, the construction can act as a meaning Future Indefinite both in main and subordinate clauses	If you don"t shut your mouth, you" are gonna feel the floor. If you don't close your mouth, you will feel the floor. I forgot something else we"ll need if you" re going to be here a few days. I forgot something else that we'll need if you're going to be here for a few days.