Does a suit reflect a person’s worldview? Abstract: Human worldview

The Middle Ages... When we think about them, the walls of knightly castles and huge Gothic cathedrals grow before our mental gaze, we remember the crusades and strife, the fires of the Inquisition and feudal tournaments - the whole textbook set of signs of the era. But these are external signs, a kind of scenery against which people act. What are they? What was their way of seeing the world, what guided their behavior? If we try to restore the spiritual image of the people of the Middle Ages, the mental, cultural foundation by which they lived, it turns out that this time is almost completely absorbed by the thick shadow cast on it by classical antiquity, on the one hand, and the Renaissance, on the other. How many misconceptions and prejudices are associated with this era?

The concept of the “Middle Ages,” which arose several centuries ago to designate the period separating Greco-Roman antiquity from modern times, and from the very beginning carried a critical, pejorative assessment—a failure, a break in the cultural history of Europe—has not lost this content even in modern times. this day. When talking about backwardness, lack of culture, lack of rights, they resort to the expression “medieval”.

Medieval European culture covers the period from the fall of the Roman Empire to the active formation of the culture of the Renaissance and is divided into the culture of the early period (V-XI centuries) and the culture of the classical Middle Ages (XII-XIV centuries). The appearance of the term “Middle Ages” is associated with the activities of Italian humanists of the 15th-16th centuries, who, by introducing this term, sought to separate the culture of their era - the culture of the Renaissance - from the culture of previous eras. The Middle Ages brought with it new economic relations, a new type of political system, as well as global changes in people's worldview.

The entire culture of the early Middle Ages had a religious overtones. The basis of the medieval picture of the world was images and interpretations of the Bible. The starting point for explaining the world was the idea of ​​a complete and unconditional opposition between God and nature, Heaven and Earth, soul and body. The man of the Middle Ages imagined and understood the world as an arena of confrontation between good and evil, as a kind of hierarchical system, including God, angels, people, and otherworldly forces of darkness.

Along with the strong influence of the church, the consciousness of medieval man continued to remain deeply magical. This was facilitated by the very nature of medieval culture, filled with prayers, fairy tales, myths, and magic spells. In general, the cultural history of the Middle Ages is a history of the struggle between church and state. The position and role of art in this era were complex and contradictory, but nevertheless, throughout the entire period of development of European medieval culture, there was a search for the semantic support of the spiritual community of people.

All classes of medieval society recognized the spiritual leadership of the church, but, nevertheless, each of them developed its own special culture, in which it reflected its moods and ideals.

The purpose of the work is to study the era, life, and costume of Western Europe in the 11th-13th centuries.

1) study the development of the Middle Ages of the XI-XIII centuries;

2) consider life and costume in the XI-XIII centuries.

What is beauty?

Each of you at least once in your life has experienced admiration for the beauty of a winter forest, a blooming garden, a sunrise over the sea, enchanting folk melodies, timeless melodies of classical works, and fiery rhythms of modern music. Why do we understand that all this is beautiful? Answering this question is both easy and difficult. You can say without thinking: “I see that this is beautiful,” or “I feel that all this is beautiful.” But no one can answer for sure what beauty is. After all, the understanding of beauty extends to objects, phenomena, and to a person’s appearance, and to his inner, moral essence. When we say “beautiful person,” what do we mean? Correct facial features, slender figure? Or his spiritual beauty, kindness, nobility? Or maybe both together? What is more important both in life and in art - form or content?

What is beauty

And why do people deify her?

She is a vessel in which there is emptiness,

Or a fire flickering in a vessel

N. Zabolotsky

At all times, people have sought to capture their attitude to life in various forms of art. All life impressions are refracted through the artist’s inner world and addressed to the experience of every viewer, reader, and listener. Feelings embodied in art are not identical to life. They are always mediated by an artistic ideal, a system of value ideas. Artistic emotions are not a cast of momentary experiences, but the result of reflection and life experience.

Perceiving a work of art, a person can experience delight, joy, admiration, shock, anger, sorrow, pain, etc. But the miracle of art lies in catharsis - in overcoming ordinary feelings, enlightenment, purification, and elevation of the human soul. And fear, and pain, and excitement, when they are caused by art, contain something beyond what they contain. Psychologist L. Vygotsky wrote: “Art encourages you to search and find the main thing, to think, to worry again and again about the fate of the heroes, relating them to your own life.”

What feelings do the landscapes captured on the canvases of artists and in the works of photographers evoke in you?

Remember the musical and literary works that are in tune with these landscapes.

Look closely at the picturesque portraits of different people. What attitude did the artists express towards their characters in these works?

Why do we associate the understanding of beauty with art? Does art only present beautiful images?

How do you explain the phrase: “Art brings out the artists in people”?

Listen to some pieces of music. What feelings do you experience under the influence of this music and what life associations do you have?

Revelation of eternal beauty

Human culture is based on the unity of truth, goodness and beauty. It is generally accepted that truth belongs to science, goodness belongs to religion, beauty belongs to art. However, in art their inextricable connection appears especially clearly.

People have long embodied their idea of ​​ideal beauty in works of art.

Through the centuries, beautiful female images have reached us: Nefertiti, the wife of the Egyptian pharaoh, and Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love; full of sorrow, the spiritualized face of the Mother of God and the mysteriously smiling Mona Lisa. They are all different. But each of them represents an image-symbol of beauty for all times.

19th century The “Ave Maria” prayer is well known. Hail Mary, full of grace! The Lord is with You; Blessed are You among women, and blessed is the fruit of Your womb, Jesus. Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death. Amen.

“Ave, Maria” (lat. Ave, Maria), “Hail Mary” is a Catholic prayer to the Mother of God. This prayer is also called the angelic salutation or angelicosalutatio, since its first phrase represents the greeting of the Archangel Gabriel addressed to the Blessed Virgin at the moment of the Annunciation.

Many pieces of music have been written based on the text of the prayer. Among the authors of the music: Palestrina, I.S. Bach, G. Caccini, C. Gounod, A. Dvorak, G. Verdi. The work “Ave, Maria” by F. Schubert to the words of W. Scott is widely known.

In Orthodoxy, the prayer “Ave, Maria” corresponds to the Song of the Most Holy Theotokos.

Virgin Mary, Rejoice, O Blessed Mary, the Lord is with You; Blessed are You among women and blessed is the Fruit of Your womb, for You have given birth to the Savior of our souls.

Frozen music

Many architectural monuments are also symbols of beauty. Moving around an architectural structure and inside it, comparing the appearance and character of the interior, a person perceives its life and spiritual purpose more deeply.

A white stone temple stands above the mirror of the calm surface of the Nerl River, as if admiring its reflection in the water. The poem imprinted in stone is called the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (1165) - the most perfect creation of Vladimir architects. This temple is dedicated to the religious holiday of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary. He greeted foreigners with dignity at the gates of the Vladimir land, speaking in the language of stone about its strength and beauty. The deep sadness of the Russian prince Andrei Bogolyubsky for his lost son was embodied in the bright image of this temple. Its contemplation gives us a feeling of quiet sadness and peace.

The surface of the water, the flooded meadows and, like a tower, like a candle, this light one-domed temple sparkling with dazzling whiteness, so miraculously rising above their expanse in all its infinite grace, in all its enchanting clarity... and beauty.

An equally deep impression is left by the image of the Reims Cathedral in France, an architectural monument of the 13th century. The light openwork bulk of the cathedral, its strict composition, majestic interior, fusion of architectural forms in a single upward movement give rise to a feeling of endless development. The synthesis of architecture and sculpture is perceived as a festive symphony of pointed arches, columns and blooming, fabulously magnificent sculptural decoration. The living beating of creative thought is palpable in him.

The Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye (XVI century) is one of the few surviving monuments of the era of Ivan the Terrible in Moscow, one of the first stone tented churches in Russia. Kolomenskoye was a symbol of the Mount of Olives, on which the Ascension of the Lord took place.

How does contemplation of these temples make you feel? Compare your impressions with the statements above.

Why is the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl associated with a candle?

Why is architecture often called frozen music?

What musical works are familiar to you that are consonant with the images of temples?

Listen to fragments of Russian and Western European sacred music. What do they have in common and what makes them different?

Why can these monuments of architecture and music be considered undeniable masterpieces representing the ideals of beauty?

Does beauty have its own laws?

Harmony (Greek harmonia) is consonance, agreement, proportionality, subordination of parts of the whole.

Composition (from the Latin composito - composition, composition, connection, reconciliation) in art - the construction, internal structure of a work, its integrity and proportionality of its constituent parts.

Beauty really has its own laws! An architectural structure (a temple or just a hut), a painting or a graphic work, a sculpture or a product of folk craftsmen, an ancient chant or folk song, a play, a film or a major composition for a symphony orchestra - all of them are created according to the laws of beauty.

The main laws that define beauty, common to all types of art, are based on harmony.

Harmony is initially characteristic of the World and all its components. You just need to be able to see and extract it, as do the artist and scientist, who feel harmony to a greater extent than other people.

The ancient Greeks, who discovered the concept of harmony, closely associated it with the concept of measure. “Keep moderation in everything,” advised the ancient Greek sages. The measure forced us to constantly identify internal connections through symmetry, proportions, rhythm - basic concepts in nature, art, and science.

Symmetry, proportions, rhythm are closely related to mathematics. It is no coincidence that the ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras and his followers argued that everything is beautiful thanks to number. They created the doctrine of the harmony of the spheres, arguing that the distances between the planets correspond to the numerical relationships of the musical scale, which determines the integrity and euphony of the Cosmos.

Symmetry as a sign of a living organism is used to be perceived as a principle that organizes the world. Everything that is symmetrical is familiar, pleasing to the eye, and therefore assessed as beautiful. In art, symmetry finds expression in the compositional structure of works.

Composition is a powerful means of expression in any form of art.

Often it is the compositional solution that conveys the pathos of a work of art.

The proportions of the human body structure in Antiquity determined the beauty and proportionality of Greek architecture. A particularly important role in art is played by the golden ratio - the proportion of the golden section, which has been used since Antiquity. The best works of art - architecture, music, painting, literature - are built according to the rules of the golden ratio.

The golden ratio is obtained by dividing a segment into two unequal parts, in which the smaller part is related to the larger one as the larger one is to the entire length of the segment. If you divide the segment in half, it will seem too frozen, lifeless. If the place where the segment is divided is too close to one of its ends, then the impression of imbalance and anxiety will be created. Only the golden ratio instills both feelings of peace and vitality and is therefore perceived as beautiful.

The musical scale is divided into proportional parts, it is literally permeated with proportions, and proportionality is a sign of beauty.

In music, the climax of a piece is usually located at the golden ratio. Rhythm in art determines the nature of the composition. But rhythm is also a characteristic property of any living organism. Biorhythms are the condition of its existence. There is rhythm in everything that depends on time. This is a kind of measure of time and a pattern of processes. In nature, literally everything is subject to rhythm: the change of day and night, seasons, phases of the moon, etc. A typical sign of rhythm is a certain pattern in the repeatability of phenomena, forms, elements.

Rhythm breathes life into a work of art! It is thanks to the rhythm of the parts that make up the whole work that we grasp its character: calm or anxious, majestic or fussy. Rhythm conveys movement.

Musical rhythm has its own characteristics. In music, rhythm in the broad sense of the word determines composition—the form of a musical work. Emotions reflected in music are capable of rapid and even instantaneous transitions. For example, when changing compositional sections, the composer freely moves from one emotion to another, just as a writer or film director freely transports the reader or viewer several years forward or back, from the story of one character to the adventures of another. At the same time, during a gradual, psychologically motivated transition, the composer often uses knowledge of the temporal laws of connection between life emotions. Some emotions are mobile and changeable, while others are constant. This depth of immersion in an emotional state is reflected in the music. The logic of emotional transitions is often reflected in the form of the work and the proportions of its parts.

In a narrow sense, the word “rhythm” implies a rhythmic pattern - a sequence of sounds of different durations that determines the nature of the melody. For example, a dotted rhythm is characteristic of marching, energetic music, and a measured alternation of even durations is characteristic of a lullaby.

Each era brings its own musical rhythms associated with human activity. Along with the rhythms of working machines, the sound of wheels of running trains, and all kinds of signals, music can also convey the “frozen time” of space, the Universe, and the element of twinkling stars. There are no boundaries in the world ether. And often it is rhythms that become messengers of cultures. The rhythms of the peoples of Africa and the indigenous peoples of America have become the property of all humanity. Under their influence, the rhythms of classical and modern music became richer.

Look at the works of fine art on the pages of the textbook. What role does harmony, proportion, symmetry, and rhythm play in the compositional solution of each of them?

Listen to several pieces of music, follow the development of the music, the contrast of its parts, determine the place of the climax using graphic images (phrasing lines, dynamics symbols, rhythmic patterns).

Listen to the 1st movement of Symphony No. 40 by W.-A. Mozart (or “Unfinished Symphony” by F. Schubert). Follow the changes in the emotional state, the logic of the development of musical thought expressed by the composer.

Create a harmonious composition with an expressive artistic image on one of the themes: “Sports Festival”, “Disco”, “Music”, “Shopping”, “Loneliness”, “Seasons”, etc. Where can such a composition be used?

Have people always understood beauty in the same way?

The art of every era strives to create the image of a beautiful person who has absorbed the best features of his time. According to the change in ideals, views, and tastes of people, styles in art also changed.

An important component of a person's appearance is clothing. It is no coincidence that they say: “You meet people by their clothes...”. Indeed, the costume serves as the calling card of the era. It, like a mirror, reflects people’s ideas about a wonderful person, his worldview and tastes.

Look at the works of art located on these pages.

How has the idea of ​​human beauty changed in different eras? in different strata of society? Describe the ideal of a beautiful person in different eras.

Listen to fragments of instrumental music. What image of a person do they correspond to in what era? How does a costume convey people's worldview?

Artistic and creative task

The ideals of which era in human history are especially close to you - do you like architecture and clothing, music and painting, is your lifestyle attractive? Imagine and imagine yourself living at that time. Think about who you would like to be. Picture yourself as an ideal person from your favorite era. (Materials: pen, ink; appliqué; watercolor; linocut, etc.) Select pieces of music that correspond to the time.

Coming into this world? What is the purpose of man? What is a sense of life? All these are so-called eternal questions. They can never be finally resolved. The world and people are constantly changing. Consequently, people’s ideas about the world and man also change. All ideas and knowledge of a person about himself are called his.

Worldview is a complex phenomenon of the human spiritual world, and consciousness is its foundation.

There is a distinction between the self-awareness of an individual and the self-awareness of a human community, for example, a specific people. The forms of manifestation of the self-awareness of the people are myths, fairy tales, jokes, songs etc. The most basic level of self-awareness is primary self-image. Often it is determined by the assessment of a person by other people. The next level of self-awareness is represented by a deep understanding of oneself and one’s place in society. The most complex form of human self-awareness is called worldview.

Worldview- is a system or set of ideas and knowledge about the world and man, about the relationships between them.

In a worldview, a person realizes himself not through his attitude to individual objects and people, but through a generalized, integrated attitude to the world as a whole, of which he himself is a part. A person’s worldview reflects not just his individual properties, but the main thing in him, which is usually called the essence, which remains the most constant and unchanging, manifesting itself in his thoughts and actions throughout his life.

In reality, a worldview is formed in the minds of specific people. It is also used as a general outlook on life. Worldview is an integral formation in which the connection of its components is fundamentally important. The worldview includes generalized knowledge, certain value systems, principles, beliefs, and ideas. The measure of a person’s ideological maturity is his actions; Guidelines for choosing methods of behavior are beliefs, i.e., views actively perceived by people, especially stable psychological attitudes of a person.

Worldview structure

Worldview is a synthesis of various human traits; This is a person’s knowledge and experience of the world. Emotional-psychological The side of the worldview at the level of moods and feelings is the worldview. For example, some people have an optimistic outlook, others have a pessimistic one. Cognitive-intellectual The side of worldview is worldview.

Worldview, like the whole life of people in society, has historical character. The emergence of a worldview is associated with the process of formation of the first stable form of human community - the tribal community. Its appearance became a kind of revolution in the spiritual development of man. Worldview distinguished man from the animal world. The history of the spiritual development of mankind knows several basic types of worldview. These include mythological, religious, philosophical worldview.

Historically, the first stage in the development of worldview was mythological worldview. Mythology consolidated the system of values ​​​​accepted in society, supported and encouraged certain forms of behavior. With the extinction of primitive forms of social life, myth became obsolete and ceased to be the dominant type of worldview.

The fundamental questions of every worldview (the origin of the world, man, the mystery of birth and death, etc.) continued to be resolved, but in other ideological forms, for example in the forms religious a worldview based on belief in the existence of supernatural beings and a supernatural world, and philosophical a worldview that exists as a theoretically formulated system of the most general views on the world, man and their relationships.

Each historical type of worldview has material, social and theoretical-cognitive prerequisites. It represents a relatively holistic ideological reflection of the world, determined by the level of development of society. The features of various historical types of worldviews are preserved in the mass consciousness of modern people.

Components of a person's worldview

Our attitude towards the world and ourselves includes a variety of knowledge. For example, everyday knowledge helps one navigate everyday life - communicate, study, build a career, start a family. Scientific knowledge allows you to comprehend facts at a higher level and build theories.

Our interactions with the world are colored emotions, associated with feelings, transformed by passions. For example, a person is able not only to look at nature, dispassionately recording its useful and useless qualities, but to admire it.

Norms And values are an important component of worldview. For the sake of friendship and love, for the sake of family and loved ones, a person can act contrary to common sense, risking his life, overcome fear, doing what he considers his duty. Beliefs and principles are woven into the very fabric of human life and often their influence on actions is much stronger than the influence of knowledge and emotions combined.

Actions human beings are also included in the structure of the worldview, forming its practical level. A person expresses his attitude towards the world not only in his thoughts, but also in all his decisive actions.

It is traditionally believed that knowledge and feelings, values ​​and actions represent Components worldview - cognitive, emotional, value and activity. Of course, such a division is very arbitrary: components never exist in their pure form. Thoughts are always emotionally charged, actions embody a person’s values, etc. In reality, a worldview is always a whole, and dividing it into components is applicable only for research purposes.

Types of worldview

From the point of view of the historical process, there are three leading historical type of worldview:

• mythological;
• religious;
• philosophical.

Mythological worldview(from the Greek mythos - legend, tradition) is based on an emotional, figurative and fantastic attitude towards the world. In myth, the emotional component of the worldview prevails over reasonable explanations. Mythology grows primarily out of human fear of the unknown and incomprehensible - natural phenomena, illness, death. Since humanity did not yet have enough experience to understand the true causes of many phenomena, they were explained using fantastic assumptions, without taking into account cause-and-effect relationships.

Religious worldview(from Latin religio - piety, holiness) is based on faith in supernatural forces. In contrast to the more flexible myth, it is characterized by rigid dogmatism and a well-developed system of moral precepts. Religion distributes and supports models of correct, moral behavior. Religion is also of great importance in uniting people, but here its role is dual: while uniting people of the same faith, it often separates people of different faiths.

Philosophical worldview defined as system-theoretical. The characteristic features of the philosophical worldview are logic and consistency, systematicity, and a high degree of generalization. The main difference between the philosophical worldview and mythology is the high role of reason: if myth is based on emotions and feelings, then, first of all, on logic and evidence. Philosophy differs from religion in the permissibility of free-thinking: you can remain a philosopher by criticizing any authoritative ideas, while in religion this is impossible.

If we consider the structure of the worldview at the present stage of its development, we can talk about ordinary, religious, scientific and humanistic types of worldview.

Everyday worldview relies on common sense and everyday experience. Such a worldview takes shape spontaneously, in the process of everyday experience, and is difficult to imagine in its pure form. As a rule, a person forms his views on the world, relying on clear and harmonious systems of mythology, religion, and science.

Scientific worldview based on objective knowledge and represents the modern stage in the development of a philosophical worldview. Over the past few centuries, science has moved further and further away from "foggy" philosophy in an attempt to achieve accurate knowledge. However, in the end, it also moved far away from man and his needs: the result of scientific activity is not only useful products, but also weapons of mass destruction, unpredictable biotechnologies, methods of manipulating the masses, etc.

Humanistic worldview based on the recognition of the value of every human person, his right to happiness, freedom, development. The formula of humanism was expressed by Immanuel Kant, who said that a person can only be an end, and not a simple means for another person. It is immoral to take advantage of people; Every effort should be made to ensure that every person can discover and fully realize himself. Such a worldview, however, should be considered as an ideal, and not as something that actually exists.

The role of worldview in human life

Worldview gives a person a holistic system of values, ideals, techniques, and models for life. It organizes the world around us, makes it understandable, and indicates the shortest ways to achieve goals. On the contrary, the absence of a coherent worldview turns life into chaos, and the psyche into a collection of disparate experiences and attitudes. The state when the old worldview is destroyed and a new one has not yet been formed (for example, disappointment in religion) is called ideological crisis. In such a situation, it is important to restore the ideological integrity of the individual, otherwise its place will be filled with chemical or spiritual surrogates - alcohol and drugs or mysticism and sectarianism.

The concept of “worldview” is similar to the concept of “mentality” (from the French mentalite - mindset). Mentality is a unique alloy of mental qualities, as well as the characteristics of their manifestations. In essence, this is the spiritual world of a person, passed through the prism of his personal experience. For a nation, this is the spiritual world, passed through the historical experience of the people. In the latter case, the mentality reflects the national character (“soul of the people”).

Beauty really has its own laws! An architectural structure (a temple or just a hut), a painting or a graphic work, a sculpture or a product of folk craftsmen, an ancient chant or folk song, a play, a film or a major composition for a symphony orchestra - all of them are created according to the laws of beauty.

The main laws that define beauty, common to all types of art, are based on harmony.

Harmony is initially characteristic of the World and all its components. You just need to be able to see and extract it, as do the artist and scientist, who feel harmony to a greater extent than other people.

The ancient Greeks, who discovered the concept of harmony, closely associated it with the concept of measure. “Keep moderation in everything,” advised the ancient Greek sages. The measure forced us to constantly identify internal connections through symmetry, proportions, rhythm - basic concepts in nature, art, and science.

Symmetry, proportions, rhythm are closely related to mathematics. It is no coincidence that the ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras and his followers argued that everything is beautiful thanks to number. They created the doctrine of the harmony of the spheres, arguing that the distances between the planets correspond to the numerical relationships of the musical scale, which determines the integrity and euphony of the Cosmos.

Symmetry as a sign of a living organism is used to be perceived as a principle that organizes the world. Everything that is symmetrical is familiar, pleasing to the eye, and therefore assessed as beautiful. In art, symmetry finds expression in the compositional structure of works.

Composition is a powerful means of expression in any form of art.

Often it is the compositional solution that conveys the pathos of a work of art.

The proportions of the human body structure in Antiquity determined the beauty and proportionality of Greek architecture.

A particularly important role in art is played by the golden ratio - the proportion of the golden section, which has been used since Antiquity. The best works of art - architecture, music, painting, literature - are built according to the rules of the golden ratio.

The golden ratio is obtained by dividing a segment into two unequal parts, in which the smaller part is related to the larger one as the larger one is to the entire length of the segment. If you divide the segment in half, it will seem too frozen, lifeless. If the place where the segment is divided is too close to one of its ends, then the impression of imbalance and anxiety will be created. Only the golden ratio instills both feelings of peace and vitality and is therefore perceived as beautiful.

The musical scale is divided into proportional parts, it is literally permeated with proportions, and proportionality is a sign of beauty.

In music, the climax of a piece is usually located at the golden ratio.

Rhythm in art determines the nature of the composition. But rhythm is also a characteristic property of any living organism.

Biorhythms are the condition of its existence. There is rhythm in everything that depends on time. This is a kind of measure of time and a pattern of processes. In nature, literally everything is subject to rhythm: the change of day and night, seasons, phases of the moon, etc. A typical sign of rhythm is a certain pattern in the repeatability of phenomena, forms, elements.

Rhythm breathes life into a work of art! It is thanks to the rhythm of the parts that make up the whole work that we grasp its character: calm or anxious, majestic or fussy. Rhythm conveys movement.

Musical rhythm has its own characteristics. In music, rhythm in the broad sense of the word determines composition - the form of a musical work. Emotions reflected in music are capable of rapid and even instantaneous transitions. For example, when changing compositional sections, the composer freely moves from one emotion to another, just as a writer or film director freely transports the reader or viewer several years forward or back, from the story of one character to the adventures of another.
At the same time, during a gradual, psychologically motivated transition, the composer often uses knowledge of the temporal laws of connection between life emotions. Some emotions are mobile and changeable, while others are constant. This depth of immersion in an emotional state is reflected in the music. The logic of emotional transitions is often reflected in the form of the work and the proportions of its parts.

In a narrow sense, the word “rhythm” implies a rhythmic pattern - a sequence of sounds of different durations that determines the nature of the melody. For example, a dotted rhythm is characteristic of marching, energetic music, and a measured alternation of even durations is characteristic of a lullaby.

Each era brings its own musical rhythms associated with human activity. Along with the rhythms of working machines, the sound of wheels of running trains, and all kinds of signals, music can also convey the “frozen time” of space, the Universe, and the element of twinkling stars. There are no boundaries in the world ether. And often it is rhythms that become messengers of cultures. The rhythms of the peoples of Africa and the indigenous peoples of America have become the property of all humanity. Under their influence, the rhythms of classical and modern music became richer.

Look at the works of fine art on the pages of the textbook. What role does harmony, proportion, symmetry, and rhythm play in the compositional solution of each of them?

Listen to several pieces of music, follow the development of the music, the contrast of its parts, determine the place of the climax using graphic images (phrasing lines, dynamics symbols, rhythmic patterns).

Listen to the 1st movement of Symphony No. 40 by W.-A. Mozart (or “Unfinished Symphony” by F. Schubert). Follow the changes in the emotional state, the logic of the development of musical thought expressed by the composer.

Create a harmonious composition with an expressive artistic image on one of the themes: “Sports Festival”, “Disco”, “Music”, “Shopping”, “Loneliness”, “Seasons”, etc. Where can such a composition be used?

Lesson 31. Have people always understood beauty in the same way?

The art of every era strives to create the image of a beautiful person who has absorbed the best features of his time. According to the change in ideals, views, and tastes of people, styles in art also changed.

An important component of a person's appearance is clothing. It is no coincidence that they say: “One meets people by their clothes...”. Indeed, the costume serves as the calling card of the era. It, like a mirror, reflects people’s ideas about a wonderful person, his worldview and tastes.

Look at the works of art located on these pages.
How has the idea of ​​human beauty changed in different eras? in different strata of society?
Describe the ideal of a beautiful person in different eras.
Listen to fragments of instrumental music. What image of a person do they correspond to in what era? How does a costume convey people's worldview?

Artistic and creative task
The ideals of which era in human history are especially close to you - do you like architecture and clothing, music and painting, is your lifestyle attractive? Imagine and imagine yourself living at that time. Think about who you would like to be. Picture yourself as an ideal person from your favorite era. (Materials: pen, ink; appliqué; watercolor; linocut, etc.) Select pieces of music that correspond to the time.