Project of a city car service station. Layout hundred

cars.

Features of the organization of work at a service station.

Car service stations are multifunctional enterprises that perform a wide range of work and services for car maintenance and repair. The range of workshop services may include the following types of work:

Cleaning and washing;

Pre-sale preparation of cars;

Warranty service and car repairs;

Post-warranty vehicle maintenance and repair;

Diagnosing the technical condition of vehicles, assemblies and components;

Anti-corrosion preparation of car bodies;

Automotive restoration;

Overhaul of units and components;

Sale of cars, spare parts, materials and accessories;

Car storage;

Technical assistance on roads;

Service for drivers and passengers.

Consumers of service stations can be both individuals and legal entities, who, as a rule, do not have their own production base to perform the ordered services or are located far from their production base.

Car service stations are classified depending on their purpose, capacity, location and specialization (Fig. 8.1.). Based on the principle of purpose and location, service stations are divided into urban and road.

City service stations are designed to service cars of individuals and legal entities located within the city.

Road stations - to provide technical assistance to cars and services to drivers and passengers on the road.

Rice. 8.1. Classification of service stations.

Based on size and production capacity, service stations are divided into: small (up to 5 work stations); medium (from 6 to 15 posts); large (more than 15 work stations).

Depending on the nature of the work performed, city stations can be branded, specialized and universal. Branded stations, as a rule, are created by car manufacturers to sell and service their cars in a given city or region. I serve specialized stations! one or more specific brands of cars, usually under an agreement with manufacturers or perform certain types of work. In recent years, in Russian cities, small, 2-3 guard stations have become widespread, performing

certain types of work, such as washing, oil changes, maintenance and repair of electrical equipment, fuel equipment, brake systems, batteries, tires, etc. Such stations are built separately or at gas stations and are classified as small specialized urban stations. Universal stations can service vehicles of various types, brands and models. Universal stations can be created to service trucks and buses, to service passenger cars or to service all types of vehicles.

It is advisable to create road stations as universal ones to eliminate the most frequently occurring faults along the way and perform low-labor maintenance. Campgrounds and motels can also be considered road stations. A special place among road stations in the future may be occupied by stations serving intercity and international road transportation. It is advisable to locate them on large intercity and international highways at a distance corresponding to semi-shift work of cars (4-6 hours). Such stations can perform the following types of work: washing, refueling, storing cars, storing and processing cargo, maintenance and repair of rolling stock, services for drivers and passengers (providing overnight accommodation, meals, trade services, etc.).

The technological process diagram of the service station is shown in Figure 8.2. After washing, the car goes to the reception and delivery area, where units, components and parts are checked, both declared and not declared by the owner, especially those affecting traffic safety. The causes of malfunctions and the scope of work to eliminate them are clarified when diagnosing the vehicle. The volumes, deadlines and cost of work are included in the work order, and only those works that the owner agrees to. After acceptance, which lasts on average 20-30 minutes, the car is installed at the work station, and if they are busy, it is temporarily sent to a waiting or storage area.

Rice. 8. 2. Scheme of the service station technological process.

After all the necessary work has been completed, the vehicle is returned to the receiving and delivery area, where, together with the owner, the quality and compliance of the work performed with the work order is assessed. If necessary, the quality of work is checked at the diagnostic site.

Technological calculation of service station.

The need for service stations is determined by the number of vehicle visits for maintenance and repairs. The number of races depends on a large number of random factors and is probabilistic in nature. The formation of the number of arrivals and the amount of work at city stations is influenced by: the number of cars in the city; annual mileage and condition of the vehicle fleet; terms of Use; the number and total capacity of service stations located in the city and much more.

The number of cars per 1000 people in Russia (67 units) is still very small compared to economically developed countries (400-600 units). However, the revival and development of the country's economy and the growth of the population's well-being can lead to a rapid increase in the number of cars and, accordingly, an increase in the need for service station services. The average annual mileage of cars in private use also increases regularly. On average in Russia today they are 16.5 thousand km. Approximately 75% of car owners in cities with a population of more than 50 thousand people. To maintain their cars in technically sound condition, they use the services of a service station. Currently, the network of car service stations is actively developing, and its further expansion is expected in the future.

The correspondence of the station's capabilities to the needs for vehicle maintenance and repair is determined by their production capacity and throughput. The production capacity of the station is estimated by the number of work stations X.

Taking into account the complexity of calculating the required number of station work stations given the random nature of the receipt of applications and the volume of work performed, for an approximate assessment of the probabilistic nature of the work, as well as when calculating the number of ATP posts, the coefficient of unevenness in the receipt of applications is used<р, который принимается в пределах 1,1-1,5. Большее значение коэффициента принимается для станций с меньшим количеством рабочих постов.

The number of maintenance and repair stations at a city station can be determined from the expression:

where: T p - labor intensity of guard work (persons);

F p - annual fund of fasting time (hours);

P avg - the average number of workers at one post (1-2 people).

Annual fund of station post time:

F P =D R.G ·T SM ·S·;

where: D R.G. - number of days of operation of the city station per year (305 days);

Tcm - shift duration (7 hours);

C - number of shifts (1.5);

 - working time utilization factor (0.9).

The labor intensity of guard work is determined by the formula:

where: L g - annual mileage of one car (16.5 thousand km);

N is the number of cars serviced at the station;

t - specific labor intensity of maintenance and repairs per 1000 km. mileage (Table 8.1);

TO P- share of guard work during maintenance and repair (0.7-0.8).

Number of cars serviced at the station:

where A is the number of residents in the city;

n- number of cars per 1000 inhabitants (67);

K c - coefficient taking into account the share of car owners using the services of a service station (0.75);

Km is a coefficient that takes into account the share of work volumes attributable to a given station (calculated taking into account the total capacity of all city service stations).

In expanded form, the formula for determining the number of maintenance and repair posts of city car service stations can be written:

The specific labor intensity of maintenance and repair used when calculating stations does not include the following types of work performed at stations: cosmetic washing and cleaning of the car, performed without subsequent preventive and repair work; works on acceptance and delivery of cars; works on anti-corrosion treatment of cars; pre-sale preparation of cars during their sale. Posts for performing these works X)., are calculated for each type separately according to the average number of visits and one-time labor intensity of the work:

Where:
- annual need for this type of work;

- labor intensity of one race (Table 8.1);

- coefficient that takes into account the unevenness of the receipt of applications for this type of work;

d i- the number of visits of one vehicle per year to perform this type of work.

When performing cleaning and washing work as an independent type of service, the number of visits to perform these works is taken at the rate of one visit every 800-1000 km. or 16-20 visits per serviced car per year.

The number of visits for anti-corrosion treatment is taken based on the completion of this work in 3-5 years (d = 0.2 - 0.3).

The total number of visits to the station when calculating the required number of posts for receiving and issuing cars is taken at the rate of 2.2-2.3 visits per one serviced car per year.

When selling cars at the station, there must be a section for their pre-sale preparation. The volume of this work and the number of posts is determined based on the number of cars sold and the one-time labor intensity of the work.

	Table 8.1. Labor intensity standards for work performed at a service station.
	Type and class mobile	Specific labor intensity		One-time labor input per race (person/hour)
						Pre-sales preparation	Anti-corrosion treatment
Urban	Extra small class Small class Middle class
Road	Cars Buses and cargo.

for manual hose washing, the labor intensity is assumed to be 0.3 person/hour for passenger cars and 0.5 person/hour for trucks and buses.

The standard labor intensity of maintenance and repair is adjusted depending on the number of station work stations and climatic conditions.

Table 8. 2. Adjustment factor for labor intensity of maintenance and repair

depending on the number of station workstations

The adjustment factor for the labor intensity of maintenance and repair according to climatic conditions is determined in the same way as for ATP (Table 5. 6.).

When using special equipment or installations at posts to perform a range of work (installations for mechanized washing, painting and drying booths, etc.), the number of posts (X m) is calculated based on the productivity of this equipment.

Where
- number of daily visits to perform these works;

T about - daily duration of operation of the equipment;

N o - equipment productivity (accepted according to the passport data: mechanized washing unit for passenger cars - 70-90 cars/hour, buses - 60-80, trucks - 50-70 cars/hour; combined painting and drying chamber 5-6 cars/hour shift, autonomous painting booth with one drying chamber - 12 cars/shift).

The total labor intensity of the city station work is distributed by type of work depending on the number of work stations, and the share of work performed at posts or production sites depends on the type of work (Table 8.3).

Table 8.3. Approximate distribution of the scope of work by type and location their implementation at the city service station.
Types of jobs	Scope of work in % for workshops of various capacities					Volume of work in % completed on site.
							in the workshop and schools
Diagnostic maintenance in full
Lubricants
Wheel camber and toe
Electrical
By power system devices
Rechargeable
Tire fittings
Repair of units and components
Body and fittings
Anti-corrosion and paint protection.
Plumbing and mechanical

The number of working posts of the road TABLE depends on: the intensity of traffic on the road; frequency of vehicles leaving the road for maintenance and repairs; distances between stations on the road; average labor intensity of one race.

According to Giproavtotrans, of the total number of entries into road stations, 70% are passenger cars, 25% are trucks, and 5% are

buses. The annual labor intensity of guard work when calculating the number of road station posts for each type of car (X d) is determined based on the average daily number of vehicle visits to the service station (N s), the number of days of work (D r.g.) and the average labor intensity of one arrival (t SR ).

The number of working days per year of road stations in existing standard projects is assumed to be equal to the number of calendar days (365). The average labor intensity of one race is determined according to the standards given in Table 8.1. The average daily number of arrivals is determined from the expression:

where: And d - traffic intensity on the road (vehicles/day);

p is the number of visits as a percentage of traffic intensity (for maintenance and repair; for cars - 4, trucks and buses - 0.4; for car wash; for cars - 5.5, trucks and buses - 0.6).

The approximate distribution of the labor intensity of vehicle maintenance and repair work by type of work for road stations is given in Table 8.4.

Table 8. 4.
Types of jobs	Volume of work in %
Diagnosis
Maintenance
Lubrication work
Adjusting wheel alignment angles
Brake repair and adjustment
Repair of power supply and electrical equipment, recharging batteries
Repair of components and assemblies, plumbing and mechanical work
Tire work

Car - waiting and storage areas.

Car - waiting places - places in the production area occupied by cars waiting to be placed at work stations. The total number of car seats at service station production sites is assumed to be 0.5 per work station.

Car - storage places - places occupied in the storage area by cars that are ready for delivery and accepted for maintenance and repair. In cold climatic zones, storage is carried out indoors, and in other climatic zones in an open parking lot under a canopy.

For city stations, the total number of car storage places is taken at the rate of 3 car places per work station, and for road stations - 1.5 car places per work station.

On the territory adjacent to the administrative building of the station or the area for receiving and issuing cars, it is also recommended to provide open parking for personnel and client cars at the rate of 7-10 cars - spaces for 10 work stations.

If there are cars at the sales station, there must also be car space (M p) for storing the cars being sold:

where: N p - the number of cars sold per year;

Dz - number of days of supply (10 days);

D R.G.M. - the number of days the store is open per year.

The standards for distances between cars, between cars and elements of buildings in the production area, as well as waiting and storage areas when designing car service stations are accepted as the same as for motor vehicles (Table 5. 8., 5.9.).

Calculation of the number of workshop production workers is carried out in the same way as the calculation of production workers of motor transport enterprises (Chapter 5.).

Determination of the need for technological equipment is carried out according to the technological equipment sheet, depending on the production capacity of the station, types of work performed, types and brands of cars serviced. When selecting equipment, catalogs and brochures of equipment manufacturers (sellers), as well as other reference information, are used.

Calculation of production, warehouse and household areas

premises and parking lots.

Service station areas according to their functional purpose are divided into:

Production (station work area, production areas);

Warehouses;

Technical (transformer, pumping, boiler, etc.);

Administrative and household (office premises, wardrobe, showers, toilets, etc.);

Premises for customer service (client room, cafe, store for selling cars, spare parts, storage areas, etc.).

The composition and area of ​​the premises are determined by the power of the station and the types of work performed. The area of ​​production premises is calculated according to the methodology adopted for ATP (Chapter 5). Approximately, when developing a feasibility study for a project, the area of ​​production premises can be calculated based on the specific area, which, taking into account driveways, is assumed to be 40-60 m per work station.

The storage area of ​​urban service stations is determined by the specific warehouse area per 1000 comprehensively serviced vehicles:

for a spare parts warehouse - 32 m2; units and components - 12m; tires -8m

operating materials - 6 m2; paint and varnish materials - 4 m2;

oxygen and carbon dioxide - 4 m 2.

The area of ​​the storage room for storing car accessories removed from cars for the period of servicing is taken at the rate of 1.6 m 2 per work station. The area of ​​the premises for storing sold spare parts and materials is 10% of the area of ​​the spare parts warehouse. When organizing the reception of used batteries at a service station, the storage area for storing them is taken at the rate of 0.5 m2 per 1000 comprehensively serviced vehicles.

The storage areas of road service stations are determined according to enlarged standards at the rate of 5-7 m 2 per work station.

The area of ​​administrative and utility premises is taken on the basis of: for office premises 6 - 8 m 2, for household premises - 2 - 4 m 2 per person working at the station.

The area of ​​the premises for customer service is taken as follows: for a city station 9-12 m2, for a road station 6-8 m2 per work station.

Optimization of workshop production capacity.

Due to the influence of a large number of random factors (timing and number of incoming applications, types of work performed, labor intensity and deadlines for completing applications, etc.), the process of vehicle maintenance and repair at a service station is stochastic in nature. As studies conducted at MADI show, the peculiarities of the functioning of complex systems, such as service stations, subject to the influence of a large number of random events can best be described using the theory of queuing.

In the theory of queuing, all systems are conventionally divided into: systems with losses, when a request received for service does not wait in line and, if there is no free post, leaves the system;

systems without losses, when an received application, in the absence of a free post, waits in a queue and does not leave the system unserved; mixed systems, when an received application, in the absence of a free post, waits in a queue for a certain time and leaves the system if the post is not free during this time. For service stations, the most acceptable is a mixed system with a limited waiting time for a service station.

The length of the waiting time depends on the nature and complexity of the application. The possible spread of waiting time as a share of the service duration is given in Table. 8.5.

A peculiarity of performing calculations of production process parameters for service stations, which are random in nature in the same way as for ATP, is that they have to be carried out under conditions of multiple randomness, when probabilistic calculations are performed simultaneously with several flows of interconnected random events. For a service station, this is primarily a time-random flow of requests for vehicle servicing and the associated flow of events during the duration of servicing of these requests by station posts.

The incoming flow of requests for vehicle servicing is most accurately described by Poisson's law. Probability P k (t) of appearance ( To) requirements for time (t) at the demand flow density () according to Poisson’s law will be:

When estimating the duration of servicing requests included in the system, practically acceptable results can be obtained by specifying an exponential distribution law. The service time distribution function F(t) under the exponential law has the form:

Where: - intensity (average productivity) of service.

Optimization of the production capacity of a service station will consist in choosing the most economically advantageous operating parameters of the enterprise, taking into account the influence of a large number of random factors. The economic efficiency of a service station will likely be achieved while ensuring maximum profits. If the station's production capacity is insufficient, the incoming flow of demands (
) will exceed its productivity (
), which will lead to an increase in the queue of people waiting for service and the loss of some requests for service, i.e. loss of part of the station's income and profit. If the station's productivity exceeds the incoming flow of requests, we can assume that requests will be serviced in a timely manner and without losses, but this will lead to an increase in the costs of creating and maintaining additional posts. Thus, the optimization condition for a service station can be written as follows:

It is extremely difficult to study complex systems that are simultaneously affected by many random events, often described by different laws, and even more so to perform optimization calculations using analytical methods. To study and optimize such systems, the simulation method can be used.

Simulation modeling allows, using the laws of change of random variables, to analyze complex stochastic systems. With them-

In station modeling, the optimal option is determined by sequentially enumerating the number of production posts and the number of workers. From the calculation options, the one that allows for maximum station profit is selected. The algorithm for solving the problem of optimizing the production capacity of a car service station is presented in Fig. 8.3. Modeling the system using the given algorithm allows us to determine the optimal number of posts for each type of technical impact.

The following are entered as initial data: the average daily number of requirements for the implementation of this type of impact; average number of workers at post; average service time for one vehicle; reduced demand flux density (=/=); the critical number of cars in the queue (m), at which incoming requests leave the system unserved; average income from post work per unit of time; average cost of running a post per unit of time, etc.

Modeling of the incoming flow of requirements is carried out by drawing the value of the time interval for the next requirement entering the system (
). The drawing is carried out on a computer using pseudo-random numbers ( i), produced according to a special program. The requirement received in the system is sent to service posts. By drawing, the availability of a free post is determined and, if available, the request is submitted for service. If there is no free post, the request is sent to the queue awaiting service, and if the maximum possible number of cars are in the queue, then the newly received request leaves the system unserved. The duration of servicing a request received at the post is also determined by drawing.

Based on the duration of the impact (labor intensity), the income, expenses and profit of posts are determined when performing a given type of impact for a certain period of time. Then, using a variator, calculate

you are repeated for a different number of posts. Based on the results of all calculations, the computer selects the option with the maximum profit and produces the corresponding output data.

Rice. 8.3. Algorithm for calculating the optimal capacity of a service station.

Layout of car service stations.

The planning solution for the workshop, as well as for the ATP, includes the development of a master plan, layout plans for buildings and the layout of workshops and areas. The choice of planning solution is determined by the type, purpose and production capacity of the station, the types and brands of cars serviced and the types of work performed. The “Regulations on the maintenance and repair of rolling stock of motor transport”, ONTP, and the corresponding SNiPs are used as the main regulatory materials when performing technological calculations and developing planning solutions.

The main requirements when developing design solutions for stations

are:

Ensuring minimal costs for construction and operation;

Compliance of the layout with the selected production process diagram and technological calculations;

Maximum use of standard design solutions;

Unification of design and space-planning solutions for buildings;

Flexibility of production processes, the ability to quickly modernize and reconstruct when external conditions change;

Creating the necessary conditions for clients and rational placement of client, production and household premises;

Rational use of enterprise space.

General plan.

When developing a master plan for a service station, it is necessary to ensure that the station area is isolated from urban traffic and pedestrians. Outside the territory there can be an open parking lot for customers and station staff, a gas station and a car washing and cleaning area.

Standardized distances and passage widths in the production area and storage area of ​​the station are determined taking into account the dimensions of the vehicles being serviced in the same way as for ATP (Tables 5.8., 5.9.).

When developing a master plan for a service station, it is necessary to provide separate warehouses for storing tires, lubricants, paints and other combustible materials.

In many European countries with a developed service station network, the built-up area of ​​the station territory is 50% of its total territory.

Road service stations are recommended to be located in areas adjacent to roads with heavy traffic flows in populated areas or near them, which reduces the cost of installing and operating internal communications, and also facilitates the solution of the issue of staffing and delivery of personnel to the enterprise. Road stations, as a rule, are built in conjunction with gas stations.

At road stations serving intercity and international road transport and located near large cargo-generating and cargo-receiving centers, along with the maintenance and repair of vehicles and services for drivers and passengers, freight stations or terminals for sorting, storage and delivery of goods can be created.

Such stations can become base points for organizing progressive types of long-distance transportation, such as relay transportation or transportation using a traction system. The territory and areas of production facilities for processing and storing cargo of such service stations are determined in accordance with the requirements for cargo stations and terminals, depending on the volume of work performed.

Layout plan.

The technological interconnection of production workshops, areas and zones is very important to ensure compliance with the technology [of the production process and effective production management. The standards of ONTP and SNiP at a car servicing enterprise provide for separate production premises for the placement of: the following groups of areas: washing and cleaning; maintenance and repair; motor, aggregate, mechanical, electrical, repair of power devices; blacksmithing, welding, coppersmithing; carpentry, wallpaper; battery; painting

For medium and small stations, various technologically compatible types of work are allowed to be performed in one area. For example, at a service station with a number of posts up to 10, it is allowed to carry out, in the same room with maintenance and repair stations, work on repairing engines, units, plumbing, mechanical, electrical, repair and manufacturing of technological equipment, as well as placing posts for repairing bodies using welding if there is a fence made of fireproof material with a height of at least 2.5 m.

The basis for developing the layout plan of an industrial building is the maintenance and repair zone. In accordance with the technological process, the maintenance and repair zone is the main link of production and must have technological connections with all divisions of auxiliary and service production.

In the maintenance and repair area, universal and specialized posts are used. Premises for electrical, carburetor, battery and tire work are recommended to be located near maintenance posts. It is advisable to place the painting, wallpaper and body areas adjacent to each other. The assembly, plumbing and mechanical, welding and body sections are located near the TR posts.

It is recommended to locate the client room near the vehicle collection and delivery area and the diagnostic area. The client must have the opportunity to be present when diagnosing and drawing up an order for servicing and repairing the vehicle. It is advisable that the following be located next to the client's area: a cash register for paying for services; food station; toilet; spare parts store, etc.

Examples of planning solutions.

When designing and constructing a service station, it is advisable to use standard designs that have been developed in large quantities for stations of various types and capacities. The use of standard designs can significantly reduce design time and reduce the cost of enterprise construction. A standard project is selected taking into account the parameters of the technological calculation and the characteristics of the region (seismicity, climatic conditions, etc.). The selected standard project is “tied” to the area. Based on engineering survey data, foundations are developed and designed, connection points are determined and internal production communications are developed, etc.

In the practice of designing and constructing stations, along with reinforced concrete structures, lightweight prefabricated metal structures are very often used, which can significantly reduce the cost and construction time (Fig. 8.4). The presented standard design of a station with 10 work stations is designed to perform a range of work on the maintenance and repair of passenger cars with a daily throughput of 16-20 cars.

In Fig. 8.5. the master plan and layout plan of the production building of a road station for three posts combined with a gas station is presented. The station is designed to serve cars and buses. The station's gas station has autonomous entrances and exits. The production building is divided into three parts: in one part there are cleaning and washing stations; in the other there are lubrication, adjustment and repair stations; in the third - office, household and storage premises.

Rice. 8.4. Typical design of a city station for 10 work stations.

1. General plan diagram: 1-production building; 2- post for acceptance and delivery of cars; 3-carport; 4-outdoor parking; 5-treatment facilities; 11. Layout plan of the production building with a cross section: 1-car washing station; 2-zoma car maintenance and repair; 3-body section; 4-painting section; 5-production workshops and areas; 6 warehouses; 7-client.

The service station is intended for inspection and repair of vehicles. The need for a service station arises due to ensuring the proper technical condition of cars. Safe traffic on the roads, as well as the lives of the driver and passengers, depend on this. Himself service station construction project requires painstaking work of specialists, which will ultimately affect financial results.

Features of service station design

The complexity and scale of designing a new service station depends on the class of premises. There is the following classification:
- Diagnostic. It is expected to repair any part of the car.
- Aggregate. Carrying out repair and adjustment work on a specific unit or a limited list of them.
- Body parts. Work to replace or repair vehicle body parts.
- Adjustment. Adjusting wheel alignment, headlights, etc.
- Express. Performing minor repairs.
Depending on the number and specifics of premises at the site, an individual design of the service station building is required. If there is a decision to expand the station, then some modification will be required. As a result, a service station reconstruction project will be required.
On our website there is a large number of ready-made works by specialists in the field of design. The resource has ready-made STO graduation projects, in which everything is calculated down to the smallest detail. Among the material presented on the resource in this section you can find documentation for building a small station or a full-fledged service. At the same time suitable service station project can be downloaded.
If you intend to build a new service station, but there is no suitable documentation, you can contact our specialists. Having extensive experience and high qualifications, they will efficiently and quickly complete a car service station project of any complexity.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION State educational institution of higher professional education "Orenburg State University" L.K. AYUKASOVA BASICS OF DESIGNING SERVICE STATIONS FOR PASSENGER VEHICLES Recommended by the Academic Council of the state educational institution of higher professional education "Orenburg State University" as a textbook for students studying in the higher professional education program in the specialty "Architecture of residential and public buildings" Orenburg 2003 BBK 39.33 – 0 8 I 73 A 98 UDC 656.071.8 (075) Reviewer Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor A.F. Kolinichenko member of the Union of Architects of Russia V.L. Abramov Ayukasova L.K. A 98 Fundamentals of designing service stations for passenger cars: Textbook. – Orenburg: State Educational Institution OSU, 2003. - 106 p. ISBN……… The manual discusses general issues of the passenger car maintenance system, basic design principles, connections between the functional and technological structure of service stations with the layout of the enterprise, its architectural design. The textbook is intended for students enrolled in vocational education programs in specialty 290100, when studying the discipline “Architectural Design” A 1604110000 BBK 39.33 – 08 i 73 6L9-01 © Ayukasova L.K., 2003 ISBN……… © GOU OSU, 2003 Contents Introduction 4 1 Vehicle maintenance system 4 2 Classification of vehicle service stations 6 3 Placement of service stations 7 4 Basic requirements and design principles 8 5 Master plans of a service station 9 6 Functional and technological structure of a service station and the contents of 13 its production activities 7 Organization of the technological process 23 8 Calculation of production areas 23 8.1 Calculation of the areas of the main production 23 8.2 Calculation of the areas of the administrative and amenity zone 24 8.3 Production areas of a car store 28 9 Space-planning solution for a service station 28 10 Structural solution for a service station, choice of building materials 32 10.1 Reinforced concrete frame 34 10.2 Steel frame 35 10.3 Walls 37 10.4 Coverings 37 10.4.1 Planar coverings 39 10.4.2 Spatial coverings 42 10.5 Window openings and lanterns 54 11 Unified buildings made of light metal structures 56 List of sources used 66 Appendix A 67 Appendix B 87 Appendix C 91 Appendix D 97 Introduction Road transport in our country is developing at a rapid pace qualitatively and quantitatively. The domestic automobile market is saturated with automotive products not only from Russian manufacturing plants, but also offers a huge range of choices of cars from other countries of the world. The annual growth rate of the world car fleet is 10-12 million units. Every four out of five vehicles in the global fleet are passenger cars, and they account for more than 60% of passengers carried by all modes of transport. The average saturation of passenger cars in different countries ranges from 50 to 200 or more cars per 1,000 people. It is difficult to predict the maximum level of motorization for any country, but the degree of motorization of the population is growing. The saturation of passenger cars is determined by a number of factors, among which it should be noted such as the level of well-being of the population, climatic features of the region or country, the development of public transport, features of planning solutions for the city road network, and the provision of garages and parking lots. The high growth rate of the fleet of cars owned by citizens, the complication of their design, the intensification of traffic on the roads, and other factors led to the creation of a new branch of the automobile maintenance industry. /9/ 1. Car maintenance system A car is a source of increased danger, and according to current legislation, the owner bears full responsibility for the technical condition and operation of the vehicle he owns. Maintaining vehicles in technically sound condition is ensured through timely maintenance and repairs, the quality of which is ensured by the enterprises of the Automotive Maintenance system, which ensure that the relevant work is carried out. Work on maintenance (maintenance) and repair (routine repair) of passenger cars, i.e. Car maintenance is carried out by service stations (car service stations) in SAC (specialty auto center) and workshops. Service stations are the basis of the production and technical base of the Automotive Maintenance system. From production to decommissioning, the car is periodically exposed to three sets of technical influences: during pre-sale preparation, during the warranty and post-warranty periods of operation. The listed technical actions can be carried out not only at service stations, but also in the corresponding areas of large auto stores (pre-sale preparation work). /9/ Pre-sale preparation of cars. The quality of the car at the time of sale must meet the requirements of the manufacturer's technical specifications. Pre-sale preparation is a prerequisite to ensure manufacturer's guarantees. In order to preserve the paintwork, a car that arrives from the factory to the store is protected with an anti-corrosion compound, which is removed before sale. During transportation of the car, the surface of the body and the interior of the cabin become dirty, and therefore require washing and cleaning. Before sale, the car is thoroughly inspected and the necessary adjustment and control work is carried out. All identified failures and malfunctions are eliminated. /9/ Car warranty service. Manufacturers' guarantees determine their responsibility for the quality of their products and include obligations to eliminate defects free of charge that are not caused by any violations of the rules for the sale and operation of vehicles, and to replace prematurely worn out or failed units, components and parts due to the presence of hidden defects. The warranty period is established by the manufacturer based on mileage and time from the start of operation. Maintenance during the warranty period is carried out in a planned preventive manner at special auto centers, warranty service stations and public service stations (on a contractual basis) and includes washing and cleaning, control and diagnostic, fastening adjustment, filling and lubrication work. At maintenance facilities, car owners are provided with free consultations to explain the rules for operating, maintaining and storing cars. /9/ Car maintenance during the post-warranty period. Maintenance includes the following set of operations: cleaning, washing, refueling, lubricating, control and diagnostic, fastening, adjusting, electric carburetor, tire repair. Maintenance during the post-warranty period is divided into daily maintenance (EO), first (TO-1) and second (TO-2) vehicle maintenance, and seasonal maintenance (SO). During the EO, inspection work is carried out on units, systems, mechanisms that ensure traffic safety (the condition of tires, the operation of brake systems, steering, lighting, alarms, etc.), as well as work to ensure the proper appearance of the car (washing, cleaning, polishing) and filling the car with fuel, oil, coolant. Maintenance-1 is recommended to be carried out after 5,000 km and includes washing and cleaning, control and diagnostic, inspection, fastening, and adjustment work. TO-2 is recommended to be carried out every 20,000 km. Before performing TO-2 or during the process, it is advisable to carry out an in-depth diagnosis of all the main units, components and systems of the vehicle to establish their technical condition, determine the nature of the faults, their causes, as well as the possibility of further operation of the unit, unit, system. During TO-2, in addition to the scope of work for TO-1, a number of additional operations are performed: fastening, tightening, adjusting components and parts. Modern service stations carry out: car sales and pre-sale service of new and used cars, sale of spare parts and related products, maintenance (TO-1, TO-2) and technical repairs (TR), major repairs (CR) of units and restoration repairs of cars, incl. and repairing vehicle body damage caused by a traffic accident. /9/ 2. Classification of service stations The system that underlies the classification of service stations is different in many countries. In the majority, as in Russia, stations are classified according to the number of work stations, because this gives an idea of ​​the size and power of the station, location, purpose and specialization of the service station. In our country, service stations are divided by purpose into: urban - for servicing a fleet of individual cars, and road - for providing technical assistance to all vehicles on the road. City stations can be universal, specialized by type of work and car brands, or service stations of car factories. Based on production capacity, size and type of work performed, service stations are divided into 3 types: small, medium and large. Small service stations with up to ten work stations are designed to perform the following work: washing and cleaning, general diagnostics, maintenance, lubrication, recharging batteries, bodywork (in a small volume), body touch-up, welding, routine repairs, as well as sales of spare parts and car accessories. Medium service stations with up to 34 work stations perform the same work as small ones. In addition, they carry out in-depth diagnostics of cars and their units, repair and restoration of bodies, painting of the entire car, wallpaper work, repair of units and batteries, and it is also possible to sell cars. Large service stations with more than 34 work stations perform all types of maintenance and repair of medium-sized stations in full. They have specialized areas for carrying out major repairs of units and components. Production lines can be used to perform diagnostic work. Cars are sold. Depending on the location of medium and large service stations, it is possible to organize on-call technical assistance and refuel vehicles with fuel and lubricants. /8/ Figure 1 – Classification of service stations 3. Placement of service stations In large cities, it is advisable to place service stations as follows: − large service stations and “Car service” centers - on the periphery of the city, adjacent to or as part of existing industrial zones, to departure points highways with large traffic flows, to large transport hubs, including bus stations, railway stations, etc.; − it is advisable to place medium-sized service stations on the outskirts of residential areas; − small service stations, which are almost not transferred in the sanitary gap from the residential area, are located evenly within each residential area. For large cities, it is successful to place service stations on ring or bypass roads. It is necessary to have a good connection between the service station and the public transport network, because Many customers, especially in the case of lengthy repairs, do not wait until the work is completed. The choice of site for the location of a service station determines in the future its urban planning role, zoning of the territory, location of the entrance and exit, and the pattern of vehicle traffic on the site. /14/ 4. Basic requirements and principles of service station design The main requirements currently imposed on the design of stations include the following: 1) maximum satisfaction of the needs for the maintenance and repair of passenger cars; 2) bringing the service station as close as possible to the consumers of their services; 3) ensuring sufficient technological flexibility of workshop planning solutions, allowing for the transition from one organizational form of workshop to another with minimal costs. To meet these requirements, not only new planning solutions for service stations are needed, but also new organizational forms of their development. The existing features of the existing service station network, the increase in the fleet of passenger cars and other factors determine the difference in the organizational forms of service station development in each region. Consequently, the planning solutions of stations should also be different, while individual standard elements may be the same. The task of determining a rational layout in these conditions comes down to the rational division of the complex of works on the maintenance and repair of passenger cars into independent production processes with the subsequent determination of options for planning solutions for premises for their production in various combinations. Rational technology and production organization are the basis of design. The quality of the selected planning solutions significantly influences the efficiency of production activities of any enterprise, including service stations. Rational planning should be based on the optimal structure of the service station, its capacity, which determines the composition and volume of necessary types of work, as well as the trend of their change. This is what determines the internal content of the STOA. Each auto service facility must be designed in such a way that it can be transformed and further expanded. All of the above requirements can be reduced to general design principles that underlie the creation of a space-planning solution for any vehicle maintenance enterprise: − taking into account local conditions - regional, climatic, landscape; − compliance of planning decisions with the functional and technological scheme of the organization of the production process; − placement of main and auxiliary service areas in one building; − unification of space-planning and design solutions; − ensuring maximum convenience for customers by dividing the enterprise into two connected zones: customer service and car service; − ease of maneuvering the vehicle in the building; − flexibility of production processes, ease of modernization, possibility of changing production technology. /8, 14/ 5. General plans of a service station When planning the linking of a station to the road network, it is necessary to take into account the interaction that the creation of a station can have on road traffic. The urban planning situation influences the configuration of the site and the nature of the organization of entrances and exits. There are several schemes for linking a service station site to highways, shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 – Layout of station sites relative to highways. The required area for a service station is determined taking into account the area of ​​all structures, internal transport routes and parking lots. The size of a land plot for a service station with 25 work stations must be at least 2 hectares. The distance from residential buildings should be maintained at least 25 m. From a technology point of view, a square or rectangular plot with an aspect ratio of 2 h 3 is considered the most suitable. When planning, one should take into account the connection to the road network, the technological sequence of the location of the main service station building and other structures (gas station , warehouses), the need for internal transport routes, parking lots, green spaces, as well as the possibility of further development of the enterprise. Car service enterprises that provide storage of cars on sites (open or with a canopy) must have a 1.6 m high fence. Service stations that provide more than 10 car service stations must have at least two entrances (exits). Depending on the location of the site relative to the highway, there are several methods for positioning the entrance and exit (Figure 3). Figure 3 - Location of entry and exit Gates for entering or exiting the enterprise must be located with a distance from the red line equal to at least the length of the main model of the cars being serviced. If the distance between the gates is less than 30 m, the entrance to the enterprise must precede the exit, counting in the direction of movement on the roadway from the enterprise. When locating businesses on an area bordered by two public roads, the gates should be located on the side of the road with the least traffic volume. When deciding on a master plan, it is necessary to organize the zoning of the site, comply with sanitary, hygienic, fire and other requirements. It is necessary to avoid crossing main traffic flows on the territory of the service station. The diagram below (Figure 4) shows methods for the relative position of entrance and exit relative to the main street at different locations of the service station site and rational patterns of vehicle traffic on the site. The service station building should be located at some distance from the highway (it is also possible to place it in the center of the site) in order to have better visibility and provide passage for maneuver. Auxiliary buildings and structures should be located deep in the site at the distance required by the standards. The carriageway must be at least 3.5 m for one-way traffic and 6 m for two-way traffic. The radius of curvature of the roadway is allowed to be 6-8 m. Width

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Introduction

1.6 Calculation of workshop areas

2. Design part

2.1 Technical requirements

2.2 Terms of reference

2.3 Calculation of main parts

2.4 Description of work

3. Economic part

3.1 Calculation of investment size

3.2 Service implementation plan

3.3 Calculation of current costs

3.6 Financial planning

5.2 Work area air

5.6 Electrical safety

5.7 Safety precautions

5.9. Fire safety

6. Environmental protection

6.1 Air pollution

6.5 Effect of load

Literature

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Introduction

Living conditions in sprawling cities force a large number of the population to spend their free time outside the city, and a car is also an advantage in the rational use of personal time by reducing travel time. As a consequence of this process, cities have a need for roads and related structures. Thus, people strive to cover ever greater distances with minimal time. Currently in our country we have a tendency to increase the vehicle fleet. Therefore, one of the ways to make money is to create conditions for servicing numerous car owners at a high level.

The development of road transport makes it necessary to increase speed and improve traffic safety, which can be achieved by organizing a modern car service center and creating the required number of service stations.

The tasks of technical maintenance include reducing the reliability of the serviceability of vehicles, increasing their service life and technically competent implementation of the necessary repair and maintenance work.

To service passenger cars and eliminate any malfunctions that arise, repair and maintenance facilities called service stations are created.

The technical level of maintenance and repair is determined by the following factors:

· Technical condition of vehicles;

· Modern technology;

· Level of application of technological means;

· Supply of spare parts;

· The level of professional training, as well as the level and experience of technical personnel;

· Construction and technological features of the structure;

Traffic safety, increasing the speed of transportation, increasing the service life of vehicles, reducing the harmful effects of motorization (air pollution, noise) is a matter of great importance. The use of personal cars on a large scale requires the creation of a well-organized, as well as an extensive network of modern, in terms of their technological and operational indicators, car service stations.

Technological progress, rising living standards, and the growing demands of car owners are increasingly replacing the usual practice when the driver himself is involved in the maintenance, care and inspection of the car.

The lack of qualifications and time among car owners requires more and more new types of services from service stations. The general idea is that maintenance, troubleshooting and troubleshooting are the tasks of a service station.

The country's needs for car service are influenced by such factors as the growth rate of the passenger car fleet, their design features, service life and average annual mileage.

The creation of stations requires the development of standard projects that vary in scale. The organized development of a vehicle maintenance network involves the use of highly developed technology, the creation of structures for related purposes, the use of modern building structures, the use of new construction methods and building materials, linkage to the structure of the road network at the intended location of the service station, and the development of a unified aesthetic solution.

Factors to be taken into account when determining service network station types are:

· Types of cars and their relationships;

· Needs for certain types of services;

· Level of training of service personnel;

· Traffic conditions at the location (number and composition of passing vehicles, structure of nearby settlements).

The goal of this project is to design a service station to maintain the reliability and serviceability of vehicles, increase their service life and perform the necessary repair and maintenance work, which will ultimately lead to increased transportation speeds and increased traffic safety.

Calculation of service station areas

Cost of fixed assets

Calculation of the economic part

Calculation of investment size

The cost of buildings is calculated from the average cost of construction of industrial facilities in Volgograd, which is equal to 1390 rubles per 1 m2. By multiplying this cost by the total construction area, we obtain the cost of construction of service station buildings.

Sfzd = 1390*F *3 (3.1)

Where Sfzd is the cost of building construction.

F – the total area of ​​the service station according to the general plan is 411.2 m2.

Z – increased coefficient.

Sfzd = 1390 * 411.2 * 3 = 1,714,704 rubles.

Service Implementation Plan

The service sales plan is the service station's production program in value terms. Main calculation indicators of the service sales plan:

· Volume of sales of repair and maintenance services for passenger cars.

· Total volume of services and products.

The volume of sales of repair and maintenance services for passenger cars includes:

· Cost of all vehicle maintenance and repair work.

· Cost of car washing services.

· Cost of other services (consultations, self-service).

The volume of sales of services is calculated based on the annual labor intensity of work by type of maintenance.

The cost of the listed types of services is planned and taken into account without the cost of spare parts, which is paid separately by the customer.

Calculation of current costs

Overheads

Transport costs RUB 3,525.39.

Taxes on value: Zzem = Nzem *F (3.4)

Where Nzem is the tax amount

F – area of ​​territory

Zzem = 603*26 = 15678 rub.

Electricity costs. Consumption 7000 kW per month. Rate 1.2 rub. for 1 kW. Costs: 7000*1.2*12= 100800 rub.

Heating costs. Consumption 250 g/col per year. The rate is 9.24 rubles per 1g/size. Costs: 9.24*250= 2310 rub.

We summarize deductions for depreciation of buildings, structures and equipment in table 3.4.

Table 3.4. - Deductions for depreciation.

Phone payment.

Number of rooms 1. Rate 322 rub. per month. The amount per phone per year is 3864 rubles.

Expenses for protecting the territory. Number of guards: 3 people. Salary 1500 per month. Security costs 1500*3*12=54000 rub.

Other expenses 1% of payroll = 3612 rubles.

The calculation of the cost of maintenance and repair services is summarized in table 3.5.

Table 3.5. - Cost calculation.

1. Wages of main workers.

2. Basic and auxiliary materials.

3. Contributions to extra-budgetary funds.

4. Water for technical needs.

5. Overheads and wages of support workers.

Freight line.

II post: Monitoring the effectiveness of the service and parking brakes.

IV post: Checking the play on the steering wheel.

V post: Checking the headlight adjustment, the serviceability of the speedometer and tires.

Passenger line.

I post: External inspection of the car, checking the completeness and pressure in the tires.

II post: Monitoring the content of carbon monoxide in exhaust gases (at the entrance). Checking the play in the steering wheel.

III post: Checking the technical condition of the steering and chassis.

IV post: Checking the headlight adjustment, the serviceability of the speedometer and tires.

V post: Monitoring the effectiveness of the service and standing brakes.

Instruments and equipment.

The PAS-2 stroboscopic device is designed to check the ignition timing of the working mixture and the speed of a carburetor four engine with a rated voltage of 12V, as well as to monitor moving engine parts.

Technical specifications.

1. Permissible temperature limits are 10-35°C.

Operating mode: 10 min work, 5 min pause.

Accuracy: 4%.

Manufacturer: Russia.

2. Universal control and adjustment device “Novator”.

Designed to control and adjust the settings of all main and auxiliary headlights of a car. Production - Germany.

3. Device “Optical dynamometer DO-1”.

Designed for express control of the haze of exhaust gases of in-use cars and other vehicles with a diesel engine.

Technical specifications.

Weight: 3.2 kg.

Temperature range -10…+50°С

Accuracy 2%

Continuous operation time 8 hours

Manufacturer: Russia.

4. The gas analyzer is a device operating on the principle of infrared absorption. Designed for continuous quantitative determination of CO content in gas mixtures and vehicle exhaust gases.

Technical specifications.

Weight: 12kg

Temperature range +5…+40°С

Accuracy 1%

Power supply 220V

Manufacture: Germany

5. Brake tester RX-3000

Purpose: the roller stand is designed to test the braking systems of cars by changing or braking individual wheels. The stand provides the ability to test the brakes of 2-axle and multi-axle vehicles, including those with supporting axles and between axle differential mechanisms.

Microclimate standards

Work area air

According to GOST 12.1.005-88 “Working area air”. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for air in the work area. The content of harmful substances in the air of the working area should not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations presented in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2.

Hazardous factors.

· Spontaneous lowering of a car hung on a lift.

· Rotating engine parts.

In addition, the causes of injuries to a mechanic can be dirt, corrosion, malfunction of threaded connections, malfunction and contamination of tools, working with oily hands, or the absence of a rod on the lift.

Lubrication and cleaning

Hazardous factors.

· Failure of a crowbar or gate when used to unload the pins of a vehicle's springs during the lubrication process.

· The gate breaks when turning the cardan shaft.

· Sharp edges of filler and drain holes of vehicle components.

In addition, the causes of injury may be:

· No grease guns with flexible hoses.

· Lack of special footrests.

· Oil spills and floor contamination.

· Lack of special tools for unscrewing filler and drain plugs.

Related repairs

Hazardous factors.

· Lowering the engine when replacing the support pads.

· Spontaneous movement of the muffler, muffler pipe, propeller shaft, steering bipod when replacing them.

· Falling and rolling of car wheels when removing them.

· Lowering the car from a jack, stand, lift.

· High surface temperature of the starter when removing it.

· Departure of the brake pad tension spring.

· Splashing of brake fluid.

· Splinters fly out when knocking out bearings with a hammer.

Hazardous factors.

· Spontaneous movement of the vehicle with the engine running and the wheels not braked when checking for faults.

· Lack of diagnostic equipment when checking the operation of the engine and brake mechanisms.

· Inconsistency between the actions of the repair worker and the driver.

· Adjusting the brake mechanisms with the engine running and no supports under the wheels.

· Using towing to start the engine.

Hazardous factors.

· Falling of the gearbox or clutch while the vehicle is suspended.

· Touching the splines of the clutch drive disc when turning the flywheel with the starter.

· The wrench breaks off when unscrewing the gearbox mounting bolts.

Removing and installing wheels

Hazardous factors.

· Lowering a car suspended on a lift.

· Spontaneous movement of the car.

· Breakdown of open-end wrenches when unscrewing or turning nuts, studs, and axle shaft fastenings.

· Flying fragments when removing axle shafts.

· Falling axle shafts.

· Performing work on a vehicle suspended on one lifting mechanism.

· Absence or malfunction of tragus.

· Lack of supports under the wheels.

· Non-use of socket wrenches.

· Removal and installation of the steering mechanism.

Hazardous factors.

· Spontaneous movement of the bipod, steering column, steering wheel and steering gear housing.

In addition, the causes of injury may be the absence or non-use of steering column bipod pullers, or performing work alone.

Hazardous factors.

· Percussion instruments.

· No soft metal knockout.

· Work without safety glasses.

· Lack of supports for the car wheels.

Tire work

Hazardous factors.

· Tire ruptures during inflation.

· Wheel disc failure.

· Breaking off the wrench for loosening the wheel nuts.

· Lowering a suspended vehicle.

· Falling wheel or tire.

· Metal objects stuck in the tire.

· Rupture of the metal cord of the tire.

In addition, the causes of injury may be:

· Absence or non-use of safety fencing.

· Incorrect mounting of the tire on the rim.

· Inflating the tire without dismantling when the pressure in it decreases by more than 40%.

· Excessive tire pressure due to lack of a tire gauge.

· There is no trestle under the raised part of the car, and no stops under the wheels that have not been removed.

· Using a screwdriver or awl to remove objects stuck in the tire.

All of these factors influence the degree of fatigue of workers.

Hence, as a consequence, a decrease in concentration, a slow reaction, an increase in the number of erroneous decisions and an associated increase in the potential danger of emergency situations.

All this leads to an increase in injuries.

electrical safety

According to the degree of danger of electric shock, the diagnostic area belongs to the class without increasing the danger. Measures taken to reduce the risk of electric shock are regulated by GOST 21 1019-79 SSBT (Electrical Safety) general requirements.

All power-consuming equipment is grounded, which is provided for by GOST 12.1.030-81 SSBT “Electrical Safety” (Protective Grounding).

Let's calculate protective grounding.

Required data: soil – loam.

Soil resistivity is determined by:

Rcalc = Kp*P = 2*300 = 600 Ohm*m (5.6.)

Where Kp is an increased coefficient determined according to GOST. Kp=2.

The current spreading resistance of a single grounding is determined by the formula:

R = 0.366 Calculation 1Р 2-1 + 1 ℓg 4 t+1 (5.7.)

Where R is the current spreading resistance of a single grounding, OM.

ℓ - grounding length, determined according to table 5.2. for loop grounding ℓ = 2.5 m.

d – outer diameter of grounding

(choose a pipe d = 0.03m)

t- distance determined by the formula:

t = ½ + h – 2.5/2 + 0.6 = 1.85 m (5.8.)

Where h is the distance from the upper end of the grounding to the surface of the earth (we take h = 0.6 m).

R = 0.366 * 600 ℓg 2*2.5 + 1 ℓg 4*1.85+2.5 = 208 Ohm

2,5 0,03 2 4*1,85-2,5

The number of electrodes in group grounding is determined by:

Po = R = 208 = 52 (5.9.)

Where K*3*9 is the maximum permissible resistance of the grounding device equal to 4 Ohms.

According to the requirements of the PUE, the number of electrodes, taking into account the grounding utilization factors Px, is determined by the formula: P = Po / Pz (5.10)

Where Po is the number of electrodes

Pz – coefficient of utilization of grounding conductors determined according to Table 2.3. (10) P3 = 0.4

P = 52/0.4 = 130

Clarification of the utilization factor of ground electrodes: P3 = 0.36

The current spreading resistance of all electrodes in group grounding is determined: R3 = Rп * P3

Where R3 is the current spreading resistance of the electrodes in the group grounding system, Ohm.

R3 = 208/30*0.36 = 4.44 Ohm

The current flow resistance of the communication strip is determined by:

Rп = 0.366 Rcalc ℓg 2 (L t h)2 (5.11.)

Where Lп is the length of the communication band determined

ℓp = 1.05*a*p=1.05*2.5*130 = 341.25m

Where a is the accepted distance between the ground electrode for loop grounding.

D – communication bandwidth = 0.012m

341 * 25 0,012*0,6

According to table A.2.4. (10) determine the communication bandwidth coefficient; Taking into account the coefficient of utilization of the communication band, we determine the current spreading resistance of the communication band.

Rp = Rp / Pp = 4.67/0.2 = 23.8 Ohm (5.12.)

The total resistance to current spreading of the grounding device is determined by:

Rп = 0.366 * 600 ℓg2 (341 *25)2 = 4.76 Ohm

341 * 25 0,012*0,6

This value is below the maximum permissible (4 Ohms), which means that the calculated number of electrodes will ensure reliable grounding of the equipment.

Safety precautions

Occupational injuries largely depend on the condition of the equipment and devices used by the car repair mechanic. First of all, equipment and fixtures must be clean and in good working order. Operating the equipment should be easy and convenient. Transmission mechanisms are fenced.

Mobile tires are equipped with wheel brake mechanisms, ensuring their quick stop; boxes for tools and light parts; trays for collecting oil and liquids from the crankcase of vehicle components.

In order to improve working conditions when adjusting wheel bearings, steering and brake systems, hydraulic lifts equipped with grabs for the rear or front axle of the car are used to hang the wheels.

Compared to a lift they have a number of advantages:

· Provide normal hygienic working conditions that increase the quality and productivity of work.

· Favorable natural light conditions.

· Convenient work from below both during inspection and when mounting wheels.

The hydraulic lifts used in service stations are quite reliable. Oil is pumped into them not under compressed air pressure, but using a pump unit. The disadvantage of the lift is the difficulty of correctly positioning the car, and therefore there are marks on the channels of the lifting part of the platform in accordance with the installation bases and the location of the center of gravity of the cars being serviced. To protect against spontaneous lowering of the frame with the body raised, the lift is equipped with a metal stop with holes for the stopper.

Before starting work, a warning poster is posted: “Do not touch. There are people working under the car!”

Garage jacks are used for hanging any part of the car, having devices that prevent spontaneous lowering, as well as a check valve that ensures a slow, smooth lowering of the rod or its stop in case of damage to the pipelines.

The supporting surface of the jacks is shaped to prevent the vehicle being lifted from slipping.

Jacks are subject to testing 2 times a year with a static load 10% greater than the limit (according to the passport) for 10 minutes. Fluid pressure drop at the end of the test ≤ 5%.

Much attention is paid to the serviceability of tools. They should be clean, the wooden handles should be smooth, without teeth, cracks or burrs, made from hard wood. The handles must be tightly fitted and reinforced. Wooden handles of files, hacksaws and screwdrivers are secured to the tools with metal rings that protect them from splitting. Hammers and sledgehammers must have a slightly convex striker surface without gouges or cracks, not slanted or knocked down. Chisels, bits, etc. should not have cracks or burrs. Wrenches must be in good working order and strictly match the size of the nuts and bolt heads, have high strength and wear resistance.

When using portable power tools with a voltage of 110-220 V, a protective starter is provided in the premises, providing remote control and instant disconnection of power tools from the network in the event of a short circuit to the housing.

Safety requirements for vehicle maintenance and repair.

Before installation at a repair station, the car should be cleaned of dirt, dust, snow and washed. The car installed on the floor post must be securely secured by placing at least 2 chocks under the wheels and braked with the parking brake. In this case, the gear lever must be set to the position corresponding to the lower gear, and the ignition should also be turned off. A sign is posted on the steering wheel: “Do not touch!”

When servicing using a lift, a sign is posted on its control mechanism; the working plunger of the lift is securely fixed with a stop.

After completing the work, all mechanisms are turned off and the workplace is put in order. It is necessary to check whether workpieces, tools and materials are left at the workplace; dispose of used cleaning material in special metal boxes; dust and shavings from workplaces and work clothes should be removed using vacuum cleaners and hair brushes. Then you need to turn off all electrical lighting devices, except for the emergency lamps.

Fire safety

Based on the properties of substances and materials, the conditions for their use and processing, maintenance and repair areas belong to category B, in accordance with SNiP 11-90-81 (“Industrial buildings of industrial enterprises”), SNiP 11-2-80 (“Fire safety standards design of buildings and structures") SNiP 463-74.

The posts are the most dangerous in terms of fire, so they are located isolated from the parking lot and administrative and utility premises of the station. Vehicle repair areas are thoroughly cleaned at the end of each working day. Spilled oil and fuel are removed with sand, and cleaning materials are stored in a fire-safe location at the post. There is a relaxation room for relaxing and smoking.

Considering that GOST 12.1004-86 there must be two fire extinguishers for every 50 m2, and the area of ​​the posts is 135 m2, in the sides of the posts there are fire extinguishers 2-ОХГ-10 and 2-051-5, as well as a shield with fire equipment, a box with sand and a fire hydrant outlet complete with hoses.

In the maintenance and diagnostics area, free access to firefighting equipment and equipment is organized; The layout of the zone and the number of exits corresponds to SNiP 11-2-80.

To indicate the location of fire extinguishers, indicator signs are installed in visible places at a height of 2-2.5 m.

Environmental protection

Load effect

In carburetor engines, a sharp increase in power is achieved by changing the position of the throttle valve, i.e. due to an increase in the amount of fuel entering the engine cylinders.

In a diesel engine, at partial loads, the amount of fuel entering the cylinders changes, but the amount of air intake remains the same. The mixture control system influences not only the composition of the mixture; it influences not only the composition, but also the amount of exhaust gases.

conclusions

Designing a service station allows you to carry out maintenance, diagnostics and repair of passenger cars.

The developed master plan for a roadside service station with rational use of space meets perfect requirements. The designed plan of the 1st floor of the enterprise with the necessary maintenance and diagnostic stations, rooms for auxiliary materials, allows us to carry out maintenance and repair work on passenger cars in the shortest possible time, in a timely manner and with high quality.

The selection of technological equipment and the calculation of the number of employees at the enterprise were made. The results of scientific research and constructive development are presented.

Financial indicators of profitability and other economic indicators were calculated. As a result of our work, we conclude that this enterprise will operate effectively in the Volgograd market.

The developed device makes it possible to repair the technical rack of a front-wheel drive car with MacPherson-type suspension with TR, saving the worker’s production time.

Labor protection at the enterprise is organized in accordance with the technical requirements of GOST.

It was revealed that this designed enterprise, due to high-quality and prompt repairs, will occupy a niche in the Volgograd market for servicing passenger cars.

Bibliography

1. Afanasyev L.L., Kolyasnitsky B.S., Maslov A.A. “Garages and car maintenance stations.” M; Transport 1969 360s.

2. Avdotin F.N. “Theoretical foundations of technical operation of automobiles” M; Transport 1985 215s.

3. Govorushchenko N.Ya., “Technical operation of automobiles” Kyiv; Higher school 1983 207s.

4. Golubev I.R., Novikov Yu.V., “Environment and transport” M; Transport 1987 207s.

5. Gudkov V.A., Tarnovsky V.I., “Technological design of motor transport enterprises and service stations” Volgograd; VolgPI 1986 30s.

6. GOST 25478-82 “Trucks, buses, road trains. Safety requirements for technical condition. Verification methods." Entered 01/01/84 M; Transport 1982 31.

7. GOST 12.0.003-74 “SSBT Hazardous and harmful production factors. Classification".

8. GOST 12.1.005-76 “SSBT Air in the working area. General sanitary and technical requirements."

9. GOST 12.2.003-84-SSBT. "Equipment. Industrial safety requirements."

10. 10. GOST 12.3.017-79 “SSBT Repair and maintenance of vehicles.”

11. Bzhirov R.N. “Quick reference guide for the designer “Mechanical Engineering” Leningrad branch 1984. 464s.

12. Napolsky G.M. “Organization and technical design of service stations” M; MADI 1981 83s.

13. Napolsky G.M. “Technological design of automobile enterprises and service stations” M; MADI 1981 182p.

14. Kuznetsov E.S. “Technical operation of automobiles” M; Transport 1991

15. “Regulations on the maintenance and repair of rolling stock of vehicles” M; Transport 1972 56s.

16. Salov A.I., Berkovich N.M., Vasilyeva I.I. “Occupational safety and health at road transport enterprises” M; Transport 1977 63p.

17. Sivolobova V.S., Ganzin S.V., Ivakina E.Yu. “Organization of production, marketing, management” Volgograd, VolSTU 1995. 28s.

18. “Technical operation of automobiles” edited by Kramorenko G.V. M; Transport 1983 488p.

19. Herzer K. “Service stations for passenger cars” M; Transport 1978 303s.

Roadside car service station project

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Introduction

1. Technological calculation of service station

1.1 Rationale for the capacity of a roadside service station

1.2 Calculation of the annual volume of workshop work

1.3 Annual volume of self-service work

1.4 Calculation of the number of production workers

1.5 Calculation of the number of posts and car seats

1.6 Calculation of workshop areas

2. Design part

2.1 Technical requirements

2.2 Terms of reference

2.3 Calculation of main parts

2.4 Description of work

2.5 Technical and economic assessment

3. Economic part

3.1 Calculation of investment size

3.2 Service implementation plan

3.3 Calculation of current costs

3.4 Calculation of prices and volume of sales of services

3.5 Calculation of prices by type of work, taking into account profitability and VAT

3.6 Financial planning

3.7 Technical and operational indicators of service stations

4. Research part

5. Life safety

5.1 Microclimate of production premises

5.2 Work area air

5.3 Lighting of rooms and workplaces

5.4 Industrial noise, vibration

5.5 Dangerous and harmful production factors

5.6 Electrical safety

5.7 Safety precautions

5.8 Personal protective equipment

5.9. Fire safety

6. Environmental protection

6.1 Air pollution

6.2 Rating of cars by exhaust gas toxicity

6.3 The influence of the technical condition of the vehicle on the toxicity of exhaust gases

6.4 Influence of the composition of the working mixture

6.5 Effect of load

6.6 Effect of adjusting the idle system

Literature

annotation

In this thesis, carried out by a student of the ATZ-411s group - Sergei Borisovich Khlystov, a project was developed for a roadside car service station with a capacity of 15 cars per day. A technological calculation of the service station, cost analysis, and economic calculations were carried out. The issues of planning and management of maintenance and repair processes are considered. A list of services provided to vehicle owners has been determined. The design of the device for repairing the telescopic strut of a VAZ 2108-09-99, 2110 car has been modernized, making it improved for disassembling and assembling telescopic struts of domestic and foreign cars with “MAK Pherson” type suspension.

Issues related to ensuring safe working conditions and environmental protection are considered.

In conclusion, the literature used in performing this work is given.

Introduction

The country's rapid industrial development and economic growth led to an increase in the well-being of the population. In the last decade, the urban population has increased by 10-12%. Today it makes up 50% of the country's total population.

But if we take into account the quantitative growth of urban settlements, we can assume that in the near future this figure will be equal to 60%.

It is known from the global project that as a person’s standard of living increases, the sale of cars through the retail network increases sharply, i.e. There is a huge need for automobile production. This is due to the fact that a person wants to surround himself with items of convenience, comfort, and luxury. The car is currently one of the first places in the life of human society.

Living conditions in sprawling cities force a large number of the population to spend their free time outside the city, and a car is an advantage in the rational use of personal time, by reducing train time

The layout of a service station is understood as the layout or relative arrangement of production, storage and administrative premises in the plan of a building or separate buildings (structures) intended for servicing and repairing cars. The main condition that determines planning decisions is the technological connections of individual production areas of the service station, as well as the building codes and regulations of automobile service enterprises.

Despite the variety of factors that have different impacts on the layout, there are a number of general provisions and requirements for the design of service stations that must be taken into account when designing and reconstructing service stations. These include:

compliance of the layout with the production process diagram and technological calculations;

location of the main subsystems (zones) and production areas (elements) of the subsystem of the enterprise's production preparation complex, if possible, in one building under a common roof, avoiding dividing the enterprise into small premises;

unification of constructive and space-planning solutions of buildings;

staged development of the enterprise and the possibility of its reconstruction without significant restructuring and disruption of functioning;

flexibility of production processes, ease of modeling and the ability to change production technology;

production safety and ease of work, as well as creating the best conditions for lighting, ventilation and insulation of noisy production processes;

ease of maneuvering vehicles in buildings;

organization of one-way loop traffic of cars and the presence of internal communication between production departments, rational use of space due to technologically justified relative arrangement of premises, the use of economical methods of arranging cars, the use of structural diagrams of buildings that do not require the installation of intermediate supports or limiting their number;

mandatory excess of the area of ​​the land plot for the enterprise of the building area by at least 3-4 times.

Horizontal sections that are short in length along a public passage are considered convenient.

In addition to the requirements listed, there must be a division into two interconnected main parts: 1) customer service and vehicle service; 2) providing customers with maximum convenience through the appropriate arrangement of the premises they use.

The implementation of the listed provisions and requirements is facilitated by the widespread use of standard projects.

General plan

The general plan of an enterprise is a plan of a land plot of territory allocated for development, oriented in relation to public passages and neighboring properties, indicating on it buildings and structures according to their overall outline, a garage-free storage area, rolling stock, main and auxiliary passages and routes for the movement of rolling stock. composition by territory.

The advantages of the second method (i.e., with disconnected development) include reducing fire danger and simplifying the planning solution. The use of disconnected development is advisable in the presence of particularly large-sized rolling stock, in complex terrain of the site, at the junction of an enterprise or during its reconstruction, as well as in warm and hot climates.

Washing of rolling stock of all categories may be located in separate buildings. In our case, the cleaning and washing area is located outside the production building.

When locating an enterprise in several buildings, the gaps between them should be taken as minimal as necessary for the construction of passages, sidewalks, laying utilities, but not less than the distances that determine fire safety and sanitary requirements (SNiP 11-88-80).

The relative location of production and auxiliary administrative buildings is essential. The latter, as a rule, should be located close to the main entrance to the service station territory, i.e. from the basic approach of the workers.

Near the auxiliary building there should be a parking area for vehicles belonging to the employees of the enterprise.

Auxiliary premises, as a rule, are located in extensions to industrial buildings. They can also be placed in separate buildings to reduce harmful production. However, they must be connected to the production building.

Buildings and structures should be located taking into account the provision of the most favorable conditions for natural lighting, ventilation of the site and prevention of snow drifts.

When developing master plans, buildings and structures due to production processes, which are accompanied by the release of gas and dust into the atmosphere, as well as explosive processes, must be located in relation to other buildings and structures on the windward side.

Warehouses of flammable and combustible materials in relation to industrial buildings should be located on the leeward side. It is advisable to orient buildings equipped with aeration lanterns in such a way that the axes of the lanterns are perpendicular or at an angle of 45 degrees to the prevailing wind position in the summer. When placing sites for open storage of rolling stock on the territory of a service station, the distances from them to buildings and structures are taken according to SNiP 11-93-74, depending on the degree of fire resistance of buildings and structures.

When placing buildings, it is necessary to take into account the terrain and hydrogeological conditions. The rational location of buildings should ensure that a minimum amount of excavation work is performed when planning the site.

It is recommended that vehicle movement around the enterprise be in a one-way circular pattern, ensuring that there are no oncoming traffic or intersections.

The width of the carriageway of external driveways must be at least three meters for one-way traffic and six meters for two-way traffic. Based on fire safety requirements, access to fire trucks must be provided to all buildings of the enterprise:

• - on the one hand, with a building width of over 18-100 meters;
• - from all sides - with a building width of more than 100 meters.

Master plan indicators (see Figure 2.1):

• - total construction area - 7500 m2;
• - area of ​​the main premises - 2200m2;
• - area of ​​auxiliary premises - 750 m2;
• - landscaping area - 1000 m2;
• - parking area - 600 m2.

Space-planning solutions for the production building

The space-planning solution of the production building is subordinated to its functional purpose and is designed taking into account climatic conditions, modern construction requirements, the need for maximum blocking of buildings, the need to ensure the possibility of changing technological processes and expanding production without significant changes to the reconstruction of the building, environmental protection, fire and sanitary requirements -hygienic requirements, as well as a number of other requirements related to heating, ventilation, etc.

The installation of the production building was carried out from prefabricated unified, mainly reinforced concrete, structural elements (foundation blocks, columns, beams, trusses, etc.), manufactured using industrial methods.

The grid of columns is measured by the distances between the axes of the rows in the longitudinal and transverse directions; the smaller distance is called the pitch of the columns, and the larger the span.

The dimensions of the spans and the pitch of the columns, as a rule, should be a multiple of 6 meters. We accept a grid of columns 18x12 with a step of 6m.

There are 11 zones and sections on the territory of the production building:

• - body section;
• - painting area;
• - wallpaper area;
• - aggregate section;
• - plumbing and mechanical department;
• - tire service area;
• - electrical section;
• - repair area for power system devices;
• - battery section;
• - maintenance and repair zone;
• - diagnostic zone.

Figure 2.1. General plan of the service station

1 - production building; 2 - canopy for repaired cars; 3 - open parking; 4 - transformer; 5 - compressor room; 6 - treatment facilities; 7 - administrative building; 8 - autonomous heat supply; 9 - well; 10 - autonomous power supply; 11 - warehouses; 12 - warehouses

Figure 2.2. Industrial building

1 - Maintenance and repair posts; 2 - car reception area; 3 - client; 4 - spare parts store; 5 - diagnostic post; 6 - tire fitting area; 7 - electrical section; 8 - battery section; 9 - aggregate section; 10 - area for repair of fuel equipment and carburetors; 11 - painting chamber; 12 - wallpaper area; 13 - welding and body section; 14 - plumbing and mechanical section