Philosophy of the Middle Ages and Renaissance presentation. Presentation: Philosophical schools of the Middle Ages
Ramanuja () - reformer of medieval Hinduism Sri Shankara (7-8 centuries) - Indian philosopher, preacher and reformer of Hinduism
The largest Arab philosophers al-Kindi (IX century) al-Farabi (IX-X centuries) Ibn Sina () - scientist, philosopher, doctor Ibn Rushd (XII century)
Strengthening Buddhism in Tibet XIV-XV centuries. - a period of major reforms in Tibetan Buddhism. Zong Kopa () - Tibetan religious figure, thinker, preacher, reformer of Buddhism in Tibet.
The main features of the understanding of God in the Middle Ages THEISM Religious and philosophical doctrine in which God is understood as the Absolute Personality who created the world and controls it from the transcendental regions of existence MONOTHEISM The idea of the existence of one God ANTHROPOMORPHISM Endowing God with human properties, likening God to man
Main stages of medieval philosophy I stage II-VIII centuries. Patristics The teaching of the “Church Fathers” - the first Christian thinkers who created the philosophical justification of the dogmas. Based on the Ideas of Plato II stage of the 11th-14th centuries. Scholasticism Development of philosophy characterized by formalism and dogmatism Based on Aristotle's Ideas
Augustine Aurelius (St. Augustine the Blessed) The most famous representative of patristics, philosopher, author of many works, including: “Confession”, “On the City of God”. Augustine's main ideas: spiritual development of the individual, the goal of the development of the historical process, the problem of theodicy
The problem of theodicy Theodicy (from the Greek theos - god + dike - justice) The problem of theodicy is the justification of God for evil. If there is evil in the world, and the world was created by God, then it means that God is to blame for the fact that evil exists. But the cause of evil is not God, but in the freedom of man, who can go to God, and therefore to good, or not go to him, thereby multiplying evil
Thomas Aquinas (1225/) Medieval philosopher, the most famous representative of scholasticism. Main works: “Summa Theologica”, “Summa against the pagans”. The main problem of Aquinas's philosophy is the problem of the relationship between faith and reason. Formulated five proofs of the existence of God. The teaching of Thomas is called Thomism, in modern Catholic philosophy it is known as neo-Thomism.
Statue of David by Michelangelo Understanding of man in the Renaissance The predetermination of human destiny is rejected The natural principle of man is rehabilitated The deification of the human creator as a being similar to God Work is placed above religious activity
Understanding of God in the Renaissance Nicholas of Cusa Italian philosopher Pantheism The idea of God, according to which he is not separated from nature, but merges with it. God is a special impersonal Spiritual Principle that permeates and spiritualizes nature in every particle
The idea of the world during the Renaissance Nicolaus Copernicus Giordano Bruno Galileo Galilei Creators of the heliocentric model of the solar system (the Earth revolves around the Sun)
Political philosophy of the Renaissance Thomas More English philosopher, author of the book “Utopia” Thomas More is one of the followers of the tradition of utopianism. Utopia means “a place that does not exist.” In his book, T. More describes a non-existent state based on the principles of equality and justice - common property, everyone works the same and everyone owns an equal amount of benefits.
Niccolo Machiavelli Italian thinker, philosopher, writer, politician, author of the book “The Prince.” Machiavelli believed that the ruler has the right to use any means to strengthen the state.
The first Russian philosophers Vladimir Monomakh Grand Duke of Kiev Kirill of Turov Church leader and writer of Ancient Rus'
Hesychasm Nil Sorsky is one of the followers of hesychasm in Rus'. A Christian religious mystical movement that arose in Byzantium and spread to Rus' in the 14th century. Followers of hesychasm lead a strict ascetic life and practice silent prayer.
Russian political philosophy Joseph Volotsky Church writer and publicist, head of the Josephites - militant churchmen who put the church above the state
The theory of “Moscow is the third Rome” Zosima (XV century) – Religious figure Philotheus – the alleged author of the concept of “Moscow is the third Rome” Theory “Moscow is the third Rome” Constantinople became the heir of the Roman Empire and Western Christianity Moscow should become the successor of the ruined Constantinople and the third guardian of Christian spirituality
Slide 2
Literature:
Augustine Aurelius. God and the world. Eternity and time. Bible. Aquinas Thomas. Evidence for the existence of God. Vinokurov V.V. The main stages in the development of medieval philosophy Donini A. At the origins of Christianity (from its origins to Justinian): Trans. from Italian – M.: Politizdat, 1989. 365 p. Mayorov G.G. Formation of medieval philosophy. M.. 1979. Rabinovich V.L. Alchemy as a phenomenon of medieval culture. M., 1979. Russell B. History of Western philosophy: In 3 books / Transl. from English; - Prepare. Text by V.V. Tselishchev. – St. Petersburg: Azubka, 2001. – Book 2. Catholic philosophy. – P.365-582. Sokolov V.V. Medieval philosophy. – M.: Higher school, 1979. 448 p. Chanyshev A.N. Course of lectures on ancient and medieval philosophy: Proc. manual for universities. – M.: Higher. school, 1991. – 512 p.
Slide 3
The theocentrism of medieval philosophy in Western Europe recognized God as the highest existing principle, and the entire world around him as his creation.
Features of the worldview position: creationism; the idea of "revelation"; belief in the existence of God, angels, the other world, the immortality of the soul, etc. “sinfulness” as the transfer of responsibility for the fall of Adam and Eve; suffering as a way to know God; “miracle” as a visible manifestation of the will of God; asceticism; prayer as an appeal to God in the ritual form of praise and thanksgiving; confession and repentance as a Christian sacrament.
Slide 4
The most prominent representatives of the Middle Ages:
Tertullian of Carthage (160-220); Augustine the Blessed (354-430); Boethius (480-524); Albert the Great (1193-1280); Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274); Pierre Abelard (1079-1142); William of Ockham (1285-1349)
Slide 5
Main stages in the development of medieval philosophy
PATRISTICS (the teachings of the “church fathers”) covers from the 1st to the 9th centuries. At this stage, the main content of Christian philosophy is developed and formalized on the basis of the religious teachings of Jesus Christ and the philosophical system of Plato. SCHOOLASTICS (from Latin schola - school) covers from the 9th to the 15th centuries. It is a school and university discipline that had the goal of philosophically substantiating the religious teachings and dogmas of the Church under the influence of the philosophical heritage of Aristotle.
Slide 6
Augustine the Blessed as a prominent representative of patristics
Author of the works “About the City of God”, “Confession”, “Against the Academicians”, etc.; laid the foundations of Catholicism; founded the confessional genre in philosophy and literature; proposed a linear view of time; substantiated the idea of the dominance of the Church over the state, and the Pope over monarchs; put forward the idea of social conformism (acceptance of poverty and alien power)
Slide 7
Dispute about the nature of universals (general concepts)
Realism is a direction of theological philosophy, whose supporters considered not the things themselves to truly exist, but their general concept - universals. According to realists, universals exist before things. They continue Plato's teaching about eidos. Nominalism In reality, concrete things themselves exist, while general concepts are only names of things. According to nominalists, universals exist not before, but after things, and things are known by sensory experience. They continue the teachings of Aristotle.
Slide 8
Thomas Aquinas as a major representative of scholasticism
Author of the works “Summa Theologica”, “Against the Pagans”, commentaries on the Bible, on the works of Aristotle; logically proved the existence of God; systematized the scholastics; author of neo-Thomism; exploring the problem of being, separates essence (essence) and existence (existence); developed the problem of the relationship between religion and science, faith and reason.
Slide 9
Proofs of the existence of God by Thomas Aquinas in the Summa Theologica:
there must be a first mover; in the chain of efficient causes there must be a first cause; all things in the world are contingent, but the contingent depends on the necessary, therefore there must be an absolute necessary being; things exhibit varying degrees of perfection, therefore there must be an absolutely perfect being, embodying the very idea of perfection; expediency in nature cannot be explained by natural causes, therefore it is necessary to agree that there is a supernatural intelligent being that orders the world.
Slide 10
Arabic philosophy is understood as a set of philosophical teachings created by thinkers from Eastern countries who adopted the Muslim faith and used the Arabic language.
The main directions of Arab philosophy during the period of its inception (VII-IX centuries): Mutakallims - supporters of radical Islam, the founder is considered to be Al-Ashari (874-935); Mutazalites (“set apart”) are Islamic philosophers whose teachings are relatively materialistic in nature. The founder was Al-Kindi, later representatives of this direction were also Al-Farabi and Ibn Sina; Sufism (from Arabic literally means “a man in clothes made of wool”) considered voluntary renunciation from the outside world, asceticism, withdrawal into oneself and mysticism to be the highest good.
Slide 11
Arabic philosophy of the 9th–15th centuries.
Features: strengthening of materialistic ideas, development of medicine; borrowing ancient Greek philosophy and turning Arab into Arab-Greek.
Slide 12
Representatives of Arabic philosophy:
Al-Kindi (800-879) Ibn-Sina (Avicenna) (980-1037) Al-Farabi (870-950) Ibn Al-Haytham (Algazen) (965-1038) Ibn Rushd (Averroes) (1126-1198) ) and others.
Slide 13
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980-1037)
Ibn Sina, an encyclopedist, created about 450 works, of which about 240 have reached us; created about 50 works on medicine: “Canon of Medical Science”, “Book of Healing”, “Indications and Instructions”, “Book of Knowledge”, etc. gave an anatomical description of a person, characteristics of the bodily structure, studied the problems of nervous and mental diseases and their treatment; tried to separate philosophy from theology.
Slide 14
The meaning of medieval philosophy:
It was on the basis of religious spiritual values that the deep socio-political and spiritual crisis that caused the death of ancient culture was gradually overcome; religious philosophy also had a stimulating effect on the spiritual development of society; thinkers of the Middle Ages made a significant contribution to the development of a number of key concepts and problems of philosophy; The philosophy of the Middle Ages made a significant contribution to strengthening the moral foundations of society, preaching eternal, universal moral values.
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Philosophical schools of the Middle Ages
The scholastics sought to rationally substantiate and systematize the Christian doctrine (medieval “school” philosophy). Main problems: the problem of universals and the proof of the existence of God.
The problem of universals is the problem of general concepts (posed by Plato – “ideas”, Aristotle – “matter and form”). Depending on its solution, all scientists are divided into realists and nominalists.
Realists– they argued that general concepts (universals) have real existence and precede the existence of individual things (a house in general exists like a specific house).
Nominalists- considered concepts to be only names; in reality, only individual things with their individual qualities exist. The general concepts created by our thinking about these things not only do not exist independently of things, but do not even reflect their properties and qualities.
The father of scholasticism is considered to be Boethius (5th century) or John Scott Eriugena (810-77), an Irishman who lived in France. There is no contradiction between divine revelation and reason. On the path of rationality, he tried to prove the existence of God. Lack of cognitive effort makes it difficult to see the consistency of divine revelations. Eriugena was a realist. Being is divided into four natures:
Not created, but creating - God, as the source of all things: the only uncreated creator of everything, he is formless, inexpressible and comprehended only through the existence of things.
The created and the creative are divine ideas that act as primary causes; The ideal world was created by God from himself and exists forever.
Created and non-creative - the sensory-perceptible world, which is the manifestation of the ideal world in many different things.
Not created and not creating - God, perceived as the final goal of all things.
The second and third natures do not have independent existence and do not differ in essence. E. associates the formation of things with the Fall of man, during which man fell away from God. But with the passage of time comes redemption and the return of all things to God. E.'s system is essentially pantheistic and was condemned by the Catholic Church.
Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109) – like Augustine, argued that faith must be higher than reason: one must “believe in order to understand,” but faith can be “rationally” justified. Christian dogmas for A. are an unshakable truth, however, they should be rationally comprehended in order to strengthen a believer in his faith. “Faith seeks reason” is the essence of his views. “I believe in God, but faith must have justification in reason”—the first conclusion from the thesis. “I believe in order to understand” is the 2nd conclusion. He laid the foundation for the problem of the prerequisites of knowledge (does foreknowledge exist?). Divine revelation prepares scientific knowledge. A. Closely connected theology with philosophy.
John Roscelin (1050–1120) – France. He was an extreme nominalist and was accused of heresy. He interpreted the holy trinity as a combination of three separate gods (God is one in three persons, which means the concept “god” refers to all hypostases, therefore, there are three gods). He argued that general concepts are just names, titles, just “concussions of the air.” In reality, only singularly perceptible things exist.
Pierre Abelard (1079–1142) – French philosopher and theologian. He came from a wealthy family and became an excellent polemicist (the debate appeared in the Middle Ages. Christianity gave postulates, and philosophers explained the hidden meaning in them). He was a mediator between realists and nominalists. His concept was called “conceptualism”. In essence, he was a moderate nominalist: general concepts do not exist, but they exist in our minds and represent beings. characteristics of a class of objects. Thanks to universals, knowledge is possible.
Patristics - Christian theology, 2nd–8th centuries.
A feudal society (serfdom) arose. The clergy played a significant role. Monasteries were both fortresses and centers of agriculture and centers of education and culture. The Church became the guardian of writing and education in Europe. The early Middle Ages are characterized by the formation
Christian dogmatics in the context of the formation of a European state as a result of the fall of the Roman Empire. Under the conditions of the strict dictatorship of the church and the domination of power, philosophy was declared the handmaiden of theology, which had to use its diet. An apparatus for confirming the tenets of Christianity. This philosophy was called “scholasticism” (based on the formal logic of Aristotle)
Back in the 5th century (Christianity was already the dominant religion in Greece and Rome), the philosophy of Neoplatonism, hostile to Christianity, was strongly influenced. (Non-Christian philosophical schools were closed by decree of Emperor Justinian in 529.) At the same time, some Christian ideologists tended to deny, others to use the teachings f. Idealists of antiquity. This is how the literature of apologists (defenders) of Christianity arose, and behind it there arose patristics—the writings of the church fathers, writers who laid the foundations of the philosophy of Christianity.
Since the 2nd century, Greek apologists have appealed to emperors who persecuted Christianity. They sought to prove that Christianity raises questions that were posed by previous Greek philosophy, but provides a more perfect solution to them. Prominent apologist - Tertullian (from Carthage, 2nd century) - noun. irreconcilable disagreement between religion, divine revelation, scripture and man. wisdom. Without creating f. Systems apologists, however, outlined a range of issues, cat. became the main ones for hr. f. (about God, about the creation of the world, about the nature of man and his goals). Apologetics uses logical arguments addressed to reason to prove the existence of God and the immortality of the soul. examines arguments against religion and individual dogmas. The contradiction is that, being rational in form, apologetics is irrational in content, i.e., turning to reason, it speaks of the incomprehensibility of religious dogmas by reason.
She is prone to sophistry and dogmatism.
Ancient philosophy is cosmocentric, medieval philosophy is theocentric (the main problem is the problem of the Christian God). Christianity appeared around the middle of the 1st century and stimulated the development of S.F.
Stages of development of medieval philosophy
Stage of patristics (2nd - 8th century, end of stage - activity of Boethius - the first scholastic)
The stage of formation of scholasticism ((7th–12th centuries) – Boethius, Eriugen, P. Abeyar)
The rise of scholasticism (13th century – Bacon, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas)
Christianity won its place in the sun in the fight against paganism. "Pater" - father. The period of patristics is the period of the church fathers. The main problems of the period: systematization of Christian teaching, definition of basic dogmas, theodicia (the problem of justifying God). The formation of Christianity, the church, the birth of S.F. walked in parallel. We were raised within the framework of Christian culture (even atheists).
Christianity did not arise out of nowhere; it is associated with Eastern religions. The “Old Testament” is revered equally by Jews and Christians. Christianity became widespread in the Roman Empire (Jesus was a Jew). Roman culture is the heir of Greek philosophy, so its spread among pagans (polytheists) required special training. Various currents (heretical) began to arise within Christianity itself.
The main problem of the church fathers is the unity of Christian teaching. The Bible dates back to about 87 AD (its writing). Before that, it was transmitted orally. Each Christian community interpreted the Gospel in its own way.
The main trends in Christianity of that period: movement Gnostics and Manichaeans.
Gnostics (“gnos” – knowers). It is based on the Holy Scriptures, with an emphasis on the Gospel. Ancient, Eastern philosophies had a great influence. (Neoplatonism: God is a single, self-sufficient, eternal, original essence. He overflows himself, pouring out onto the world and forming other entities - angels, people, etc. Eastern religions: the world is the unity of two principles - light and darkness, good and evil. One force either wins or is defeated. This explained famine, wars, peace). Christians borrowed this part of the teaching (the first forces - light - were correlated with God, the second - dark - with the devil).
The Gnostics believed that the human soul is not initially sinful; the forces of good and evil collide in it. In order for a person to take someone’s position, he must know what good and evil are (Socrates’ idea). Knowledge is possible in religious ecstasy. The third (priest) was superfluous in this process. This became the reason for their persecution (recognized as heretics).
Where does evil come from, if God is all-merciful? The Gnostics were the first to approach the holy duo: first God the Father created the world, good and evil; second-God-son-savior of mankind, he atoned for original sin (Eve and Adam, having tasted the tree of knowledge, approached God and doomed people to suffering). And don't confuse one with the other.
The Manichaeans also relied on Zoroastrianism, correlating light with God and darkness with the devil. The material principle in man (flesh) is from the devil, it must be suppressed in order to come to God. And in this teaching, clergy were excluded.
Asceticism—the suppression of the flesh, its mortification—became the beginning of the monastic movement in Christianity.
Apologists—defenders of religious doctrine—proved the existence of God, the immortality of the soul, etc. One of the first apologists for the purity of Christianity was Tertullian(3rd century). He believed that it was impossible to prove the existence of God, you only need to believe in him (“I believe because it is absurd”, “Faith is higher than reason”). Faith is the only way to explain the miracles of Christianity. Philosophy must submit to theology, as reason does to faith.
To promote Christianity, a set of fundamentals and dogmas was needed that was understandable to everyone. The Capodokian church fathers (two Gregory and Basil the Great) dealt with this problem. The “Creed” was adopted at the Ecumenical Council:
Dogma about the creation of the world.
Dogma about the God-man Christ.
The dogma of original sin.
The dogma of the Holy Trinity (God is one, manifests himself in three hypostases, unequal to each other).
The interpretation of the last dogma became the reason for the division of the church into Catholic and Orthodox. Catholics believed that the holy spirit comes from God the Father and God the Son, Orthodox Christians - only from God the Father.
Aurelius Augustine (354–430) - founder of S.F. Born in North Africa, received a classical education in Carthage, taught rhetoric. Family A.A. was pagan (father) and Christian (mother) at the same time. Until the age of 33, he followed in his father’s footsteps, and at the age of 33 he converted to Christianity. He was an excellent logician, which allowed him to become an outstanding philosopher. The essence of his philosophy is in three works: “Confession” (“Confessionas”), “On the Holy Trinity”, “On the City of God”. Main ideas of A.A.:
There is a constant struggle in the world between the kingdom of God and the kingdom of the devil.
The personification of the kingdom of God is the Christian church, this was enough for the church to declare him a saint.
Philosophy A.A. theocentric, God is the highest essence. It exists independently of everything else, the world exists thanks to the divine will. God created this world and is constantly in control of everything. Man's happiness lies in the knowledge of God; the instrument of knowledge is the soul. The soul consists of reason and will. Reason helps to understand good and evil, which does not make a person virtuous. The choice between good and evil is made by the will. The greatness of God is that he gave man will, and he has freedom of choice, which God cannot interfere with. This means that God has nothing to do with evil. God is absolute good, there is no absolute evil. Evil is the absence of good. The further a person is from God, the greater the evil. Teachings of A.A. about will - the basis voluntarism(will comes first, the desire to achieve something at any cost). The doctrine of the will made Christianity more popular and accessible. Salvation is in the hands of man (he is free to choose good).
The teaching of Thomas Aquinas about essence and existence, faith and knowledge (the rise of scholasticism).
Thomas Aquinas - (1225–1274) - “Doctor Angelius” (student of Albertus Magnus - “Doctor Universalis” - knew the Bible by heart, had encyclopedic knowledge.)
Catholic theologians were tasked by the leadership of the church to develop means of countering the influence of freethinking, and at the same time take into account the increased authority of science and philosophy. He substantiates the unity of faith and reason, philosophy and religion. In 1323, Thomas was proclaimed a saint by the Catholic Church, and his theory became the ideology of the Catholic Church. Main works: on the Trinity, on essence and essence (essence and existence), sum of theology.
The teaching of Thomas is based on the teaching of Aristotle. Thomas identifies four levels of existence of things depending on the connection between matter and form. Form acts as an active principle, matter as a passive principle.
The 1st level of the existence of things is an inorganic degree, here the form acts as the external certainty of a thing.
2nd - plant
3rd - animal world
4th - rational soul.
Form appears on its own, unrelated to matter. Reason and faith do not exclude each other, but are harmoniously connected; there is only one truth - the teaching of Christ. It is comprehended both with the help of faith and reason. The path of the mind is much longer and more difficult. Thomas Aquinas resolves the debate between nominalists and realists in a new way. The general is God, who is present in all essential things.
F.A. had an angelic character. Born into a noble family, he was not the eldest son and therefore did not inherit the title and land by right of primacy. Thanks to this rule, chivalry appeared (a system of certain moral values invented by people who had nothing but noble origin). F. studied at a monastery school under the Order of St. Benedicta. At the age of 17, he decided to devote himself to God and joined the Dominican Order. The Order trained teaching staff and maintained the purity of Christianity. F. sent to Cologne for an internship. Albertus Magnus gave F.A. your universal knowledge. Then F.A. moved to Paris, where he created his teaching (“Thomism”).
F.A. is a moderate realist. Universals are independent entities that exist in three ways:
Before things - like the thought of God
In things - what is given in the definition of a thing (the definition is the universal)
After things – in human consciousness (logical thinking)
F. argued that the truest being is God, he is the most perfect reality.
The essence of each thing is expressed in its definition, existence is the existence of each thing. In God, essence and existence coincide. He is self-sufficient. This is the most general concept; it cannot be defined through other concepts. In other things, essence and existence do not coincide (a thing cannot be defined through itself: wood - wood - stupidity, they have their origin in something: God is the cause of all things).
God has a simple existence, and everything else is complex. F. tried to logically prove the existence of God (“Summa Theology”), to eliminate the contradiction between faith and reason:
Everything that moves is moved by something, and the prime mover is God.
Proof from the essence of an efficient cause (a cause cannot be the cause of itself, a first cause is needed)
The relationship between the accidental and the necessary (everything happens out of necessity, and the first of them is God).
Degrees of comparison of quality (the highest degree of quality is God, he is the kindest; evil is the lowest degree of good, etc.)
Teleological proof (teleology is the doctrine of expediency; everything in the world is coordinated, and behind this coherence stands God).
F. identified three Christian virtues: faith, hope, love + four ancient virtues: justice, wisdom, courage, moderation.
It should be emphasized that S.F. made a significant contribution to the further development of epistemology, developing and clarifying all logically possible options for the relationship between the rational, empirical and a priori, a relationship that would later become not only the subject of scholastic debate, but the foundation for the formation of the foundations of natural science and philosophical knowledge. The philosophy of the mature Middle Ages, starting from the 11th–12th centuries, being under the influence of Christianity, gave surprisingly bright results in its development, preparing very favorable soil for its further movement. The works of Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Avicenna, Averroes, Maimonides, Duns Scotus, Roger Bacon, William of Occam and others, in terms of their intellectual culture and significance, are not inferior to the outstanding teachings of thinkers of subsequent times.
Bibliography
To prepare this work, materials from the site were used
Middle Ages (Middle Ages) - historical period,next after the Ancient World and preceding the New
time.
-Russian and world medieval studies are considered the beginning
Middle Ages collapse of the Western Roman Empire at the end of V
century (it is believed that the empire ceased to exist
September 4, 476, when Romulus Augustus renounced
throne).
-Regarding the end of the Middle Ages, historians do not have a single
opinions.
-It was proposed to be considered as such: the fall of Constantinople
(1453), discovery of America (1492), beginning of the Reformation (1517),
the beginning of the English Revolution (1640) or the beginning of the Great
French Revolution (1789).
-In recent years, domestic medieval studies has attributed
the end of the Middle Ages towards the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th
centuries. However, any periodization of the Middle Ages is
conditional character. Periodization
Early Middle Ages
(late V - mid XI
centuries).
High or
classic
Middle Ages
(mid XI -
end of the 15th century).
Later
Middle Ages
or earlier
New time
(XVI-XVII centuries). Theology
(Greek theología, from theós -
god and logos - word,
doctrine), theology,
set of religious
doctrines of essence and
action of god
built in forms
idealistic
speculation based on
texts accepted as
divine
revelation.
Characteristic features of the philosophy of the Middle Ages
Spiritualcharacter
Theocentric
character
Eschatological
features
Traditionalism Theocentric
character,
That
There is
philosophy
justified
basic
provisions of Christian doctrine and
was, in the words of Thomas Aquinas,
"handmaiden of theology."
Spiritual
character,
That
There is
interest mainly in spiritual matters
questions, and disdainful attitude
to earthly, material existence.
Eschatological
traits involving orientation
for the afterlife and the future
resurrection from the dead.
Traditionalism, that is, wary
attitude
To
intellectual
innovations. - God created
world
God is the source of being, pure
form, supreme beauty,
source of good.
-The world exists thanks to
continuous creation
God who regenerates
everything dying in the world.
-One world and several worlds
it can not be. Periods
medieval
philosophy
patristics
scholasticism Patrice (Latin word) – fathers
churches.
Patristics - teaching
Christian church fathers,
laid the foundations of the Sacred
scriptures.
Patristics
There are several stages in the history of patristics:Apologetics (II-III centuries)
Classical patristics (III-X centuries)
The final stage.
***
Patristics was divided into Western, where works were written in Latin,
and eastern, where works were created in Greek.
The most famous include the works of Clement of Alexandria, Gregory
Nyssa, Augustine the Blessed, John Chrysostom.
Patristics
Major worksSeverinus Boethius
Augustine. Against academics.
Augustine. About order.
Augustine. Confession.
Augustine. About the city of God.
Boethius. Comments to Porfiry.
Boethius. Consolation of philosophy.
Aurelius Augustine
Pseudo-Dionysius. Areopagitica:
About the names of God
Sacramental theology
About the heavenly church hierarchy
John of Damascus
John of Damascus. Source of knowledge:
Dialectics
An accurate presentation of the Orthodox
faith
Pseudo-Dionysius
The problem of theodicy
EpicurusTheodicy
(Greek θεός, god, δίκη, justice) –
lit., “justification of God”,
general designation
religious and philosophical doctrines,
seeking to harmonize
the idea of good and reasonable
divine control of the world
with the presence of world evil,
"justify" this management
in the face of the dark sides of existence.
Cicero
Augustine
Leibniz
Three variants of theodicy
Evil is not something self-existent,but is simply
absence (lack) of a good.
Why
God allows
flaw
good?
None
angry at
actually
No.
So-called "disadvantages"
contribute to the greater good
opinion about the reality of evil
is a consequence of absolutization
private point of view.
Why God
created the world
if creation
can't be
perfect?
Created
God is the world
best of
possible.
Good done freely
above the good done
by necessity, evil exists
result of abuse
a man of free will.
The problem of theodicy
If God is all-good and all-powerful,why is there so much evil in the world?
It turns out that God
or maybe
destroy evil, but
doesn't want this -
or wishes
destroy evil, but
cannot (cannot) –
then He
not all-good;
then He
not omnipotent.
Because both
contradicts the concept of God,
have to deny
or
existence of God,
or
reality of evil. Good and evil.
Evil is not some force that exists on its own, but
weakened good, a necessary step towards good.
Visible imperfection is part of the world
harmony and testifies to the fundamental
goodness of all things: “Every nature that
can get better - good"
"Without evil we would not know that
so good." Aurelius Augustine
Aurelius Augustine
-Augustine (Aurelius) - one of the most famous andthe most influential fathers of the Christian Church,
born November 13, 354 in the African province
Numidia, in Tagaste.
-Mother is a Christian
-Father is a pagan
-Worked as a teacher of eloquence
- Engaged in the activities of a preacher
-studied rhetoric
-famous works “Confession”,
- “About the City of God”, “About Teachers”,
- “Monologues”.
"About the City of God"
was written in 413-427, throughseveral years after taking
Rome by the Visigoths. This event
had a great impact on
Augustine, who wrote that
earthly states
unstable and short-lived
compared to communities
created on the basis of spiritual
unity. At the same time he
believed that it was secular
state power given
to people from above, so that there is peace
at least some order, so
in accordance with the principle
“To God - God’s, to Caesar -
Caesarean" people should
obey the law
to the ruler. Augustine describes the history of mankind as the coexistence of two
communities - the City of God and the City of Earth. People entering the City of God
live according to the laws established by God, and the inhabitants of the Earthly City - according to
laws established by proud people who refused
from God.
"Grad" does not refer to any specific state: people,
included in the City of God or the City of Earth, differ in internal
qualities. Belonging to one of two communities determines
will a person be saved after the Last Judgment?
According to Augustine, every person is predetermined which City he belongs to.
belongs, but no one can know their fate until the Last Judgment.
Augustine's doctrine of predestination marked the beginning of an important
direction of Christian theology
Cognition
internalfeeling -
sensual
perception.
sensation -
knowledge about
sensual
things in
result
reflections
mind over
sensual
data.
intelligence -
mystical
touching
the highest truth -
enlightenment,
intellectually
oh and moral
improved
ie.
Conclusion:
The main theoretical achievements of Patristicsbecame the property of the medieval and Byzantine
theology; It must be taken into account that, due to
a number of reasons for Patristics more smoothly
evolved to its Byzantine
forms than the Western - to scholasticism.
A significant part of the energy of Patristics was
spent on polemical development
theological dogma and design
traditions that the subsequent era received
in a relatively "ready" Scholasticism - the rational path
knowledge of God.
- knowledge divorced from life,
based on abstract
reasoning not verified by experience.
Scholasticism
Scholasticism was a continuation of patristics, but in such a waya continuation that arose during the period of patristics,
based on relevant teachings and gradually from the 4th century.
Became dominant in the culture of the Middle Ages.
Scholasticism
Representatives of scholasticism were characterized by belief in the authority of the Holy Scriptures and the authority“the fathers of the church.” Major changes are taking place in the Christian church itself.
The Dominicans later became the main weapon of the Papal Inquisition.
In the X-XI centuries, disagreements between the Western and Eastern churches grew; dads start
conduct an open struggle with the Patriarchs of Constantinople. This led to the fact that in 1054
There was a virtual break between the Roman Catholic and Greek Catholic churches. The Roman Catholic Papacy inspired a number of crusades in the Middle East and
Byzantium.
Eastern ideas began to penetrate into the scholastic philosophy of the West more than before, including
Arabic-speaking culture.
In the Middle Ages, various schools were created: monastic, episcopal (from about the 8th century),
Court, non-church city schools. In the XII-XIII centuries, the prerequisites were created for
formation of European universities.
Scholasticism
L. Signorelli."Teachers of the Church".
Scholasticism
Major worksAnselm
Canterbury
Duns Scotus
Anselm. Monologue.
Anselm. Proslogion.
Abelard. Yes and no.
Abelard. Logic for beginners.
Abelard. Theology of the Greater Good.
Peter Lombardsky. Sentences.
Thomas Aquinas. Amount against
pagans.
Thomas Aquinas. Sum of Theology.
Duns Scotus. Oxford essay.
Occam. Sum of logic.
Occam. Treatise on Predestination and God's
foreknowledge of unnecessary events.
Occam. Quadlibeta.
Pierre Abelard
Thomas Aquinas
The problem of faith and reason
Some brothers often and persistentlyasked me to write for them, as a certain
sample thought some of what
I told them in simple words
[our] conversations about how to
reflect on the essence of God and others
things to think about
of such kind. Moreover, they<…>ordered for me
this form of this written meditation,
so that in the latter there is absolutely nothing
was accepted as proven on the basis
references to the authority of Scripture, but to
everything asserted in the derivation from individual
research is strictly consistent
followed from the reasoning and was
clearly obviously true.
Anselm
Canterbury.
"Monologue".
Thomas Aquinas
- born in 1225-philosopher and theologian, systematizer of orthodoxy
scholastics, church teacher, founder of Thomism,
Member of the Dominican Order.
- He received his primary education at the monastery
school, studied at the University of Naples,
Paris, and from 1248 with Albert the Great in Cologne.
Later he became a teacher of theology and
philosophy in Paris, where he previously studied. He joined
Dominican Order in 1244. In 1252 he returned to
Paris, teaching there until 1259.
Almost the rest of his life was spent in
Italy, with the exception of 1268-1272, during
whom he was in Paris, conducting polemics with
Parisian Averroists regarding
interpretation of Aristotle's doctrine of
immortality of active intellect. Malaise
forced him to interrupt his teaching and
writing by the end of 1273
On defense
dissertations
argued 14
philosophers
About man and his soul
Man is an intermediate creature between creatures (animals) andangels. Among corporeal creatures, he is the highest being, his
distinguishes between a rational soul and free will. Due to the latter man
responsible for his actions.
And the root of his freedom is reason.
Thomas Aquinas believed that the power of understanding of the soul (that is, the degree
her knowledge of God) determines the beauty of the human body.
The human soul is immortal. in the soul separated from the body, are preserved
the two potencies of the body are integral to it, and the connection here is mutual.
“Since some people have particularly finely constructed bodies,
their souls have great power of understanding.”
The ultimate goal of human life is the achievement of bliss achieved by
in the contemplation of God in the afterlife.
Cognition.
Knowledge is the most noblehuman activity: theoretical reason
he who comprehends the truth also comprehends the absolute
truth, that is, God.
Cognition begins with sensory experience under
action of external objects. Objects
are not perceived by a person as a whole, but
partially.
Upon entering the soul of the knower, the knowable
loses its materiality and can enter
it only as a “type”. "Type" of item
is its knowable image.
A thing exists simultaneously outside of us in everything
in our being and within us as an image.
"Know everything and
straightaway"
The world is a system.
GODHuman
alive
inanimate
The problem of the existence of God Evidence of the existence of God
IrrationalCertificate
sacred
Scriptures
Miracles
(collective
mystical experience)
Individual
mystical experience
(visions, dreams, etc.)
Rational
Ontological
Cosmological
Teleological
Proofs of the existence of God Concept and definitions of God
Ontologicalproof
God like
absolutely
perfect
essence
Cosmological
proof
Causal
option
Modal
option
God like
root cause
(cause of all
reasons)
God like
undoubtedly
necessary
essence
Teleological
proof
God like
reasonable
organizer
peace
So when "the madman said
in his heart: there is no God,” he said,
that there is no such nature?
But, of course, this same madman
hearing me say: "Something, more
which is impossible to imagine,”
understands what he hears;
and what he understands is in his mind,
even if he doesn't mean it
such a thing exists [objectively].
And, of course, then
nothing more can be imagined
cannot be only in the mind.
Anselm of Canterbury.
"Proslogion".
Because if it already exists at least
at least in your mind, you can
imagine that it exists
and in fact, what is more.
Proofs of the existence of God Ontological proof
God(a-priory)
there is absolutely
perfect
essence,
those. essence,
which is inherent
all perfection
(all the best
in excellent
degrees).
All
benefits
inherent
to God
Being
There is
good
Hence,
Being
inherent
to God
Baba Yaga
(a-priory)
there is not quite
perfect
essence,
namely:
essence,
which is inherent
all perfection
(goods),
except kindness
and beauty.
All
good, except
inherent
kindness and
beauty,
Baba Yaga
Being
good,
different from
kindness and
beauty
There is
Hence,
Being
inherent
Baba Yaga
Proofs of the existence of God Criticism of the ontological proof
WomanYaga
There is
witch
old
angry
lame ("boney"
leg")
living in a hut
on chicken legs
flying in a mortar
existing
Cosmological proof Causal option
... We discover in sensory thingssequence of producing causes;
however, it is impossible for a thing to be one's own
its own productive cause.
It is also impossible for a number of producing
reasons went into infinity, because in such
in a series the initial term is the cause of the middle one,
and the middle is the cause of the final.
By eliminating the cause, we also eliminate
consequences. If among those producing
reasons there will be no initial member,
the final and the middle will also cease to exist.
But if a number of producing causes went away
to infinity, would be absent
the primary producing cause, and with it -
both intermediate and final consequences.
Thomas Aquinas.
"Summa Theology".
Since this is obviously false,
need to put some
primary producing cause
which everyone calls God.
If everything must have a reason,
then God must have a cause.
If something can exist,
without reason
then this is something nature itself
maybe no worse than God,
so the first cause argument
absolutely invalid.
Bertrand Russell.
"Why me
not a Christian."
Proofs of the existence of God Criticism of cosmological proof
By it's naturefirst cause argument
no different from the view
that Hindu who believed that
the world rests on an elephant,
and the elephant is on a turtle;
when was a Hindu asked:
“What does the turtle support?” –
he answered: “Let's talk
about something else."
Bertrand Russell.
"Why me
not a Christian."
Proofs of the existence of God Criticism of cosmological proof
Law of Causalitynot so pliable that
allow you to use it
like a cab driver, whom
having reached the destination,
sent home.
He looks more like he's alive
Goethe's apprentice sorcerer's broom,
which, once brought
into action, never stops running
and revenge, and can stop it
only the old sorcerer himself.
Arthur Schopenhauer.
"About the quadruple root
sufficient law
grounds."
Cosmological proof Modal version
We find among things suchwhich arise and perish, from which
it is clear that it is possible for them
both to be and not to be.
But as soon as something can turn into
non-existence, it will someday pass into it;
and if everything may not be, someday
there will be nothing in the world.
But if this is true, there is nothing now,
for if there were nothing existing,
It would be impossible for anything to pass into being, and therefore nothing would exist.
Since this is obviously false, do not
everything that exists is accidental, but in the world there must be
something necessary. And everything you need is either
has an external cause, or does not.
Thomas Aquinas.
"Summa Theology".
And since the series of external causes that determine each other goes on to infinity,
it is necessary to put some necessary
the very essence; this is God.
Proofs for the Existence of God Teleological Proof
We make sure that items deprivedmind, what natural bodies are,
subject to expediency.
This is clear from the fact that their actions or
always, or most of the time
aimed at the best outcome.
It follows that
they achieve their goal not by chance, but
being guided by conscious will.
Since they themselves are devoid of understanding,
they can obey expediency
only insofar as they are guided
someone gifted with intelligence and understanding.
Thomas Aquinas.
"Summa Theology".
Therefore, there is a rational being
giving purpose to everything that happens
in nature; and we call him God.
Proofs of the existence of God Criticism of teleological proof
Do you really think that ifyou have been endowed with omnipotence and
omniscience and even give
plus millions of years,
to improve
the world you created,
then you couldn't create
nothing better
than the Ku Klux Klan, fascists
or Mr. Winston Churchill?
Bertrand Russell.
"Why me
not a Christian."
Conclusion:
Reasons for the fall of scholasticism - excitementinterest in the study of nature and the revival
knowledge of antiquity.
The theological nature of teaching
dominated the school; all institutions, influence
which was reflected in the direction of minds, were in
running the church: only because
scholasticism itself was disintegrating, it could take
up another direction.
CONCLUSION:
The Middle Ages are the reign of religiousworldview expressed in theology.
Philosophy becomes the handmaiden of theology. Her
main function - interpretation of the Sacred
Scriptures, the formulation of the dogmas of the Church and
proof of the existence of God.
Along the way, logic developed
the concept of personality was developed
(dispute about the difference between hypostasis and essence) and dispute about
priority of the individual or the general (realists
and nominalists)
