Magnetic inclination. Magnetic inclination and magnetic declination What is the earth's magnetic field

A compass is a device, the invention of which allowed man to learn to find the location of the planet's poles, thus orienting himself in the area. The blue end of its arrow shows where north is located, and the red end indicates the south direction.

However, when determining cardinal directions using this method, in some cases you can make a mistake. After all, the geographic north and south of the planet do not exactly coincide with the magnetic ones, and it is the location of the latter that is indicated by the compass needle. To be precise in this matter, scientists have introduced a number of concepts, which include magnetic declination and magnetic inclination. They help to detect measurement errors, as well as determine the distance from the poles. In addition, these determinants make it possible to record changes in the field itself that occur over time.

What is the earth's magnetic field?

Our planet can be imagined as a magnet of enormous size. The compass needle is also something like that, only in a miniature version. That is why its ends always point to the magnetic poles of the Earth, taking a position along its magnetic lines.

But what is the source and nature of such a grandiose phenomenon on a planetary scale? People began to be interested in this several centuries ago. At first, versions were put forward that the cause of magnetism was hidden in the earth's core. They thought so until they discovered clear evidence of the influence of solar activity on this natural phenomenon. And then scientists suggested that the source of the earth's magnetism is not in the core.

One of the latest scientific hypotheses, trying to unravel the mystery of what the Earth’s magnetic field is, says the following. Water from the oceans, which occupy a vast territory of the blue planet, evaporates in large quantities under the influence of the energy of the Sun and is electrified, receiving a positive charge. In this case, the earth's surface itself becomes negatively charged. All this provokes the movement of ion flows. This is where the planets themselves appear.

Geographical and magnetic axes

It is not at all difficult to understand what the geographic axis of the Earth is. A planetary ball rotates around it, where certain points remain motionless. In order to understand where the axis is, you need to connect the poles with an imaginary line. But the Earth-magnet or, to put it scientifically, the geomagnetic sphere, also has similar points. If you draw a straight line connecting the north magnetic pole and the south, it will be the magnetic axis of the planet.

Similarly, the Earth magnet has an equator. This is a circle located in a plane that is perpendicular to a straight line called the axis. Magnetic meridians are determined in a manner similar to what has just been stated. These are arcs that bend vertically around the geomagnetic sphere.

Magnetic declination

It is clear that magnetic and geographic meridians, like axes, cannot coincide completely, but only approximately. The angle between them at a certain point on the earth's surface is usually called magnetic declination. It should be noted that for each specific area this indicator, when determined, will be different. And its magnitude helps determine the error between the true direction and compass readings.

Since the direction of the magnetic poles does not coincide with the geographic ones, this error, it turns out, must be taken into account in navigation calculations. This difference can be very important for sailors, pilots and military personnel. On many geographical maps, for convenience, the magnitude of the magnetic declination is indicated in advance.

It is interesting that from the point of view of physics, the true and magnetic poles not only do not coincide, but also seem to be turned upside down, that is, the south corresponds to the magnetic north, and vice versa.

The compass needle is designed to determine the location of the magnetic poles at any point on the Earth. What will happen to the readings of this device directly at the North and South Poles? If the compass is designed in a classical way, then the needle will no longer move freely on the central needle along the body, but will press against it or, on the contrary, deviate. At the northern geographic pole it will pirouette 90° downward, while at the southern pole it will shoot vertically upward with its northern end. The opposite tip of the arrow, that is, the southern one, will behave exactly the opposite.

These metamorphoses do not occur suddenly at one moment when moving towards the poles. It should be noted that the compass needle deviates almost constantly at a certain angle in the vertical direction under the influence of the magnetic field: in the northern hemisphere - downwards, and in the southern hemisphere, respectively, upwards with its northern end. This angle is called magnetic inclination.

A similar phenomenon has been known for a long time and was discovered by the Chinese back in the 11th century. But in Europe it was described much later, in the 16th century. And this was done by an astronomer and engineer from Germany Georg Hartmann.

Measurement methods

The fact that the magnetic inclination changes in a certain way depending on the geographical location and the coordinates that describe it was proven by Christopher Columbus. As you approach the equator, the angle decreases. It becomes equal to zero at the equatorial line itself. However, at the time of this great traveler, they had not yet learned to accurately determine the value of this quantity. The first instruments, called inclinators, which made it possible to determine the angle of inclination of the Earth's magnetic field, were invented only more than half a century after the death of Columbus.

The first such design was proposed by the Englishman Robert Norman in 1576. But she turned out to be not entirely accurate in her testimony. Later, more advanced and sensitive inclinators were invented.

(deviation), the difference between the direction indicated by a magnetic compass and the true direction of north. This difference is created because the magnetic north pole is not aligned with the true North Pole. As a result, deviations of different magnitudes are created in different areas of the Earth. In addition, the north magnetic pole moves slowly over time, and therefore the deviation varies from year to year.

View value Magnetic Declination in other dictionaries

Imperative mood- imperative
Synonym dictionary

Mood- inclinations, cf. 1. action according to verb. tilt-tilt and lean-tilt. 2. The form of the verb expressing how the action is presented - real, desired, required........
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Mood- -I; Wed
1. to Tilt - tilt and Bend - bend.
2. Linguistic A verb category that expresses an attitude towards reality. Indicative n. Imperative........
Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary

Rotating Magnetic Field- magnetic field, the vector of magnetic induction of which rotates in space with a constant frequency. Obtained by adding 2 or more alternating magnetic fields, shifted........

Critical Magnetic Field- the value of the magnetic field strength, upon reaching which the magnetic field penetrates into the superconductor and causes its transition to a non-superconducting (normal) state.......
Large encyclopedic dictionary

Magnetic Declination— see Magnetic inclination.
Large encyclopedic dictionary

Magnetic Saturation- achieving the maximum possible value of magnetization M? for a given substance. In ferromagnets, magnetic saturation is considered achieved if the magnetic moment........
Large encyclopedic dictionary

Magnetic Enrichment— (magnetic separation) - a method of separating minerals from each other or from waste rock based on differences in their magnetic properties. Mainly used for enrichment........
Large encyclopedic dictionary

Magnetic Cooling- (adiabatic demagnetization) - a decrease in the temperature of paramagnetic materials located in a strong magnetic field when the field is quickly turned off (see Magnetocaloric........
Large encyclopedic dictionary

A magnetic field- one of the forms of the electromagnetic field. created by moving electric charges and spin magnetic moments of atomic carriers of magnetism (electrons, protons......
Large encyclopedic dictionary

Earth's Magnetic Field- to distances? 3R= (R= - radius of the Earth) corresponds approximately to the field of a uniformly magnetized ball with a field strength of? 55 -7 A/m (0.70 Oe) at the magnetic poles of the Earth and 33.4......
Large encyclopedic dictionary

Magnetic Aftereffect- the same as magnetic viscosity.
Large encyclopedic dictionary

Reluctance- characteristics of a magnetic circuit, the ratio of the magnetomotive force in the circuit to the magnetic flux created in it.
Large encyclopedic dictionary

Magnetic Aging— change in the magnetic properties (magnetization, etc.) of ferro- or ferrimagnets over time. Occurs under the influence of external influences (magnetic fields, temperature fluctuations,........
Large encyclopedic dictionary

Mood- in music - the quality of the mode, determined by which third is formed between the I and III degrees - major (major inclination) or minor (minor inclination). See Major and Minor.
Large encyclopedic dictionary

Inclination Magnetic— the angle between the geomagnetic field strength vector and the horizontal plane at the considered point on the earth’s surface.
Large encyclopedic dictionary

Reynolds Number Magnetic- a criterion in magnetic hydrodynamics that determines the nature of the flow of conducting liquids (liquid metals, electrolytes) and gases (plasma) into a magnetic field. Magnetic Reynolds number........
Large encyclopedic dictionary

Declination Magnetic- the angle between the geographic and magnetic meridians at a given point on the earth’s surface. is considered positive if the northern end of the magnetic needle is deflected to the east........
Large encyclopedic dictionary

• MAGNETIC INCLINATION
  see inclination...
• MOOD in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  
• MOOD
  (lat. modus) - a special verb form; expresses one or another shade (the so-called modality) of the action signified by a given verb. Modality of action...
• MOOD in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , -I, Wed. In grammar: a system of forms (paradigm) of a verb expressing the relationship of an action to reality. Indicative, imperative, subjunctive...
• MOOD
  MAGNETIC INCLINATION, the angle between the geomagnetic intensity vector. fields and the horizontal plane at the considered point on the earth...
• MOOD in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  INCLINATION (musical), the quality of the mode, determined by which third is formed between the I and III degrees - major (major N.) or minor...
• MOOD in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  MOOD, grammatical. a category of a verb whose forms express differences in the relation of the content of the utterance to reality or in the relation of the speaker to the content...
• MAGNETIC in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  MAGNETIC AGING, change in magnetic properties (magnetization, etc.) of ferro- or ferrimagnets over time. Occurs under the influence of external influences. influences (magnetic fields, ...
• MAGNETIC in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  MAGNETIC RESISTANCE, magnetic characteristic. circuit, the ratio of the magnetomotive force in the circuit to the magnet created in it. ...
• MAGNETIC in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  MAGNETIC EFFECT, same as magnetic viscosity...
• MAGNETIC in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD to distances!3 R - (R - - radius of the Earth) corresponds approximately to the field of a uniformly magnetized ball...
• MAGNETIC in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  MAGNETIC FIELD, one of the forms of electric magnetic field. fields. M.p. created by moving electric charges and spin magnets. moments of atomic carriers of magnetism (electrons, ...
• MAGNETIC in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  MAGNETIC COOLING (adiabatic demagnetization), lowering the temperature of paramagnetic materials located in a strong magnetic field. field, when the field is quickly turned off (see Magnetocaloric effect); ...
• MAGNETIC in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  MAGNETIC ENRICHMENT (magnetic separation), a method of separating minerals from each other or separating them from waste rock based on differences in their magnesium. ...
• MAGNETIC in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  MAGNETIC SATURATION, achieving the maximum possible value of magnetization M s for a given object. In ferromagnets M.n. is considered achieved if the mag. ...
• MAGNETIC in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  MAGNETIC INCLINATION, see Magnetic inclination...
• MOOD
  (lat. modus) ? special verb form; expresses one or another shade (the so-called modality) of the action signified by a given verb. Modality of action...
• MOOD in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  inclination, inclination, inclination, inclination, inclination, inclination, inclination, inclination, inclination, inclination, inclination, ...
• MOOD in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  - a grammatical category expressing the relationship of an action named by a verb to reality from the point of view of the speaker. N.—grammatical. way of expressing locality (V. ...
• MOOD in Abramov's Dictionary of Synonyms:
  cm. …
• MOOD in the Russian Synonyms dictionary:
  admirative, imperative, indicative, turning, nodding, conjunctive, conjunctive, heeling, heeling, bending, bending, inclination, heeling, optative, lowering, lowering, tilting, bending, bending, ...
• MOOD in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  1. Wed. 1) The process of action according to meaning. verb: to tilt, to tilt. 2) outdated Same as: slope (2,3). 2. Wed. Grammar...
• MOOD in Lopatin’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  inclination, ...
• MOOD in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  inclination...
• MOOD in the Spelling Dictionary:
  inclination, ...
• MOOD in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  In grammar: a system of forms (paradigm) of a verb expressing the relation of action to reality Indicative, imperative, subjunctive...
• MOOD in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
  in music - the quality of the mode, determined by which third is formed between the I and III degrees - major (major mood) or ...
• MOOD in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  inclinations, cf. 1. action according to verb. tilt-tilt and lean-tilt. 2. The form of the verb expressing how the action is presented - real, desired, required...
• MOOD in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
  mood 1. cf. 1) The process of action according to meaning. verb: to tilt, to tilt. 2) outdated Same as: slope (2,3). 2. Wed. ...
• MOOD in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  I Wed. 1. process of action according to Ch. tilt, tilt 2. obsolete. the same as slope 2., 3. II cf. Grammar...
• MOOD in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  I Wed. decomposition Body movement in gymnastics; slope 2.. II av. A grammatical category of a verb expressing the relationship of the action it names to...
• CONDITIONAL MOOD in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  (gram., conditionalis) - this is the name given to various types of formations (some simple, some descriptive verbal forms) used in conditional periods to denote...
• SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  
• INDEFINITE INCLINATION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  (gram.) - represents in its form the indirect case (dative, locative, ablative or deponent) of a noun of the same root with the verb to which it ...
• TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  Astronomical problems of the movement of celestial bodies in space are relatively easy to solve, mainly because these bodies are very far apart from each other...
• CONDITIONAL MOOD in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  (gram., conditionalis) ? this is the name given to various types of formations (some simple, some descriptive verbal forms) used in conditional periods to denote...
• SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  (lat. modus conjunctivus or subjunctivus), found in various individual Indo-European languages, dates back to the common Indo-European era and was already characteristic of Indo-European ...
• TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  ? Astronomical problems of the movement of celestial bodies in space are relatively easy to solve, mainly because these bodies are separated from each other...
• ELECTRONIC PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE
  paramagnetic resonance (EPR), resonant absorption of electromagnetic energy in the centimeter or millimeter wavelength range by substances containing paramagnetic particles. EPR - ...
• CHARGED PARTICLE ACCELERATORS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  charged particles - devices for producing charged particles (electrons, protons, atomic nuclei, ions) of high energy. Acceleration is carried out using electric...
• SOLID in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
• MAGNETOOPTICS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  Magneto-optics, a branch of physics that studies changes in the optical properties of media under the influence of a magnetic field and the interaction features that determine these changes...
• MAGNETIC TRAPS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  traps, magnetic field configurations capable of holding charged particles inside a certain volume of space for a long time. M. l. of natural origin is...
• MAGNETIC HYDRODYNAMICS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  hydrodynamics (MHD), the science of the movement of electrically conductive liquids and gases in the presence of a magnetic field; a branch of physics that developed at the junction of hydrodynamics...
• MAGNETISM in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  (from the Greek magnetis - magnet), manifests itself on a macro scale as the interaction between electric currents, between currents and magnets (that is, bodies...
• ELECTROMAGNET
• NAVIGATING ASTRONOMY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron.

Magnetic inclination, corner I between the geomagnetic field strength vector T and a horizontal plane at the considered point on the earth’s surface (see. Terrestrial magnetism ).n. m is measured from the horizontal plane up or down; N.m. is positive when the vector T directed downward from the horizontal plane, which is the case in the Northern Hemisphere, and negative when T directed upward - in the Southern Hemisphere. Nm varies on the earth's surface from 0° to ± 90°. Curves connecting points on the earth's surface with the same values ​​of N.M. are called isoclines . Isocline I= 0 is called the magnetic equator; point where I= 90°, - the north magnetic pole of the Earth; point where I= - 90°, - south magnetic pole (see. Earth's magnetic poles ). N. m. measured inclinators .

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In 1544, the German scientist Georg Hartmann discovered magnetic inclination. Magnetic inclination is the angle by which the needle, under the influence of the Earth's magnetic field, deviates from the horizontal plane down or up. In the hemisphere north of the magnetic equator (which does not coincide with the geographic equator), the northern end of the arrow deviates downward, in the southern - vice versa. At the magnetic equator itself, the magnetic field lines are parallel to the Earth's surface.
The first assumption about the presence of the Earth's magnetic field, which causes such behavior of magnetized objects, was made by the English physician and natural philosopher William Gilbert in 1600 in his book “On the Magnet,” in which he described an experiment with a ball of magnetic ore and a small iron arrow. Gilbert came to the conclusion that the Earth is a large magnet. Observations by the English astronomer Henry Gellibrand showed that the geomagnetic field is not constant, but changes slowly.
José de Acosta (one of the Founders of Geophysics, according to Humboldt) in his History (1590) first appeared the theory of four lines without magnetic declination (he described the use of a compass, the angle of deviation, the differences between the Magnetic and North Pole; although the deviations were already known in the 15th century, he described the fluctuation of deviations from one point to another; he identified places with zero deviation: for example, in the Azores).
The angle by which the magnetic needle deviates from the north-south direction is called magnetic declination. Christopher Columbus discovered that magnetic declination does not remain constant, but changes with changes in geographic coordinates. Columbus's discovery gave impetus to a new study of the Earth's magnetic field: information about it was needed by sailors. In 1759, the Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov, in his report “Discourse on the Great Accuracy of the Sea Route,” gave valuable advice to increase the accuracy of compass readings. To study terrestrial magnetism, M.V. Lomonosov recommended organizing a network of permanent points (observatories) in which to carry out systematic magnetic observations; Such observations must be carried out widely at sea. Lomonosov's idea of ​​organizing magnetic observatories was realized only 60 years later in Russia.
In 1831, the English polar explorer John Ross discovered the magnetic pole in the Canadian archipelago - the region where the magnetic needle occupies a vertical position, that is, the inclination is 90°. In 1841, James Ross (nephew of John Ross) reached the other magnetic pole of the Earth, located in Antarctica.
Carl Gauss put forward a theory about the origin of the Earth's magnetic field and in 1839 proved that the main part of it comes out of the Earth, and the reason for small, short deviations in its values ​​must be sought in the external environment.
(Wikipedia)