Lilac Vesuvius description. Detailed description of common lilac

The lilac bush is found in any residential area, park; its unusual flowering and pleasant smell always attract the attention of passers-by. Lilac symbolizes the arrival of warmth and summer. In addition to the beauty of lilac, which is described in reference books on medicinal herbs, it has valuable healing qualities. Medicinal properties are inherent in the flowers, leaves, buds and even bark of lilac.

The medicinal properties of the plant are widely used in folk medicine, but some still do not know that breaking branches with bright flowers breaks valuable affordable medicine.

The history of the plant began in the 16th century, it was brought from Turkey, and was then called “Turkish viburnum”. Thanks to its pleasant aroma and attractive appearance, lilac has become a popular plant of the European diaspora. So, it spread throughout the entire continent.

The tree got its name in honor of a beauty from ancient Greece who turned into this plant.

Ancestors considered bushes growing near a person’s home to be a protection that drives out evil spirits and ghosts, and also gives peace and happiness. According to ancient beliefs, a flower with five leaves instead of four is considered a harbinger of great joy and happiness. This property is described in fairy tales and legends.

Description of the plant

Common lilac, a plant of the olive family, is a large bush or tree. It reaches a height of 2 to 6 meters. The plant has a thin trunk and fragile branches, at the ends of which there are inflorescences. The inflorescences are collected in panicles; the lilac flowers have a pleasant aroma. One cluster contains up to 400 small flowers. The leaves of the shrub are large, wide, ovoid in shape, light green on the inside and dark on top. Flowers, shoots, leaves form a lush round, sometimes elongated shape. Over time, the bark of the trunk darkens and peels off in thin strips, thus rejuvenating the trunk. After flowering, instead of flowers, fruits appear in the form of a box with seeds; one box contains from 2 to 4 seeds. The medicinal properties of the seeds have not yet been studied as shoots and leaves, but they are also used for treatment in folk medicine.

It blooms in late spring, every year. You can find a colorful plant with a pleasant smell in parks, gardens, front gardens, near residential areas or houses. The shrub is not whimsical, but does not tolerate excessive watering.

Lilac propagation occurs by seeds or by vegetation. The second method is more common, since it is easier to grow a new bush from a shoot than from a seed. It takes a year for seeds to germinate with careful fertilization and care. Seeds are grown only to obtain new varieties and rootstocks. The plant lives up to a hundred years, bears fruit and begins to bloom in the sixth year.

The Balkan Peninsula is considered the birthplace of the lilac bush, and now the bush is found throughout the CIS and Central Asia. It grows wild in mountainous areas, as well as in forests with neutral soils. Stagnation of water is destructive for shrubs, so you won’t see fragrant lilacs on the banks of rivers and reservoirs. In wet soil, the bush withers, and the flowers become smaller or disappear altogether. The bush grows away from moisture, sensing danger.

Beneficial features

The chemical composition, despite the popularity of the plant, has been poorly studied. But research has proven the importance of the plant, as well as its properties for traditional and modern medicine. Today it is truly known about the content of essential oils, resins and active biological substances in lilac flowers - phytoncides, syringopicrin, phenoglycoside, sinigrin and farnesin.

Inflorescences and leaves are used as an antipyretic, anti-inflammatory agent, as well as for joint pain of all types, and for kidney ailments. In complex therapy it has an anticonvulsant and diaphoretic effect. It is an excellent remedy for purulent wounds and salt deposits.

In folk medicine, tea from the leaves is used for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as for fever. Infusions from this plant help with inflammation and also promote the removal of sand and salt.

Preparations based on lilac flowers stimulate appetite, relieve pain, and improve intestinal function.

They are used as freshly cut leaves, pulps and infusions are prepared from them, and they are also applied to the affected areas without additional treatments. This is how they treat long-term non-healing wounds, draw out pus, and relieve swelling.

Infusions from the kidneys cope with allergic manifestations on the skin. Remove rashes and rashes of unknown origin. In folk medicine, the properties are applicable for the evil eye and damage, this is how all sorts of irritations were explained.

Women have long rubbed their hands with flowers or leaves after a hard day's work on farms and fields. Milkmaids used them to relieve pain in their hands.

There are known cases in folk medicine when varicose veins were treated with fresh leaves and brewed flowers. The action of the drug here is aimed at narrowing the lumen of blood vessels and relieving inflammation from the walls. Regular use gives a long-lasting effect.

Indications for use

Infusions, decoctions, and medicinal teas are prepared from leaves, buds, flowers and tree bark. Each part of lilac is useful for various ailments.

Buds cut in early spring are indicated for the treatment of:

• diabetes mellitus;
• colds;
• flu;
• inflammatory processes accompanied by high fever.

Untreated leaves promote wound healing and have antiseptic, soothing properties, therefore they successfully treat:

• headache;
• migraine;
• neuralgia;
• arthritis;
• rheumatism;
• boils;
• purulent wounds.

Alcohol infusions are prepared from the flowers for rinsing, taking orally and topically. They are indicated for the treatment of:

• gout;
• arthritis;
• rheumatism;
• laryngitis;
• tonsillitis;
• bruises;
• hematoma;
• heel spurs.

Brewed inflorescences are used in the treatment of:

• joint pain;
• whooping cough;
• cystitis;
• flu;
• pulmonary tuberculosis;
• malaria;
• epilepsy;
• shortness of breath;
• gastritis;
• peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum;
• urolithiasis.

Beneficial properties are also noticeable as compresses; fresh leaves and inflorescences are used here for treatment:

• eye ailments;
• decreased vision;
• barley;
• inflammatory processes of the organs of vision;
• wounds, bruises, abrasions.

Contraindications

Due to their natural origin, herbs often do not have pronounced side effects. The main rule is compliance with the dosage, correct proportions, and exclusion of contraindications for use. Improper use turns any medicinal herb into a poisonous remedy.

When turning to traditional medicine, you should remember that by curing one ailment, you can aggravate another disease or give it a chance to arise. In order not to worsen your health or cause more harm to the body, you need to take into account all contraindications, properties and possible risks.

The plant has not been studied accurately enough, but it is known that amenorrhea (prolonged delay of menstruation) is a contraindication for use, and the medicinal herb will aggravate the condition, causing artificial menopause. Use for kidney disease is prohibited in cases of chronic renal failure or glomerulonephritis.

Chronic constipation is not a contraindication, but it will not bring any benefit either. The properties of the plant affect the functioning of not only the intestines, but the entire digestive system.

The glycoside syringin, when decomposed, releases a poison dangerous to humans, or, more precisely, hydrocyanic acid. This is dangerous if you use lilac in large doses without the prescription and recommendation of a therapist.

Before taking any product based on lilac leaves or flowers, you need to undergo a full examination, take tests, and do allergy tests. The plant is not considered an allergen, but it causes side effects in case of individual intolerance.

Signs of an overdose are nausea, dizziness, and fever. Intoxication of the body is expressed by vomiting, accompanied by pain in the iliac region. If symptoms occur, you should consult a doctor immediately. Gastric lavage and drug therapy are indicated.

The use of teas and infusions is not recommended for the treatment of children under three years of age, as well as for women during pregnancy or lactation. Children over three years old should take with caution. The dosage is reduced in proportion to the child’s weight; the adult dose is reduced by half.

Latin name Syringa vulgaris aucubaefolia

Description

In Europe it has been known in culture since the middle of the 16th century.

Modern agricultural technology of common lilac is based on its biological characteristics. Having an understanding of the life cycle and the characteristics of shoot formation in seedlings and saplings, an agronomist can creatively approach the development of an agricultural technology system in specific conditions, taking into account the local phenological phases of lilac development.
The differences between common lilac and its varieties concern mainly flowers and inflorescences and do not extend to the structure and development of the vegetative part of plants.

Common lilac Photo

Almost all of its varieties are self-sterile and produce seeds only with cross-pollination. Hybrid seedlings obtained by sowing such seeds, although they do not replicate the mother variety, are of great value for landscaping and as rootstocks. They grow faster and longer than seedlings of the original species, and begin to flower sooner. Distinguished by their high plasticity, they form a significant number of highly decorative forms, some of which even surpass the beauty of the mother plants.
So, in 1960-1965. when assessing more than three thousand hybrid seedlings grown by L. A. Kolesnikov from seeds obtained from open pollination of varieties of his selection, it turned out that 4-8% of the plants were of little decorative value; 25-30% - mainly inherited the qualities of common lilac; the rest are new, very valuable varieties, varying in color, size and shape of panicles, petals, flowers, degree of doubleness, etc.
The most beautiful of them (1–2%) could be recommended as new varieties.

Shoots, buds, leaves.

The bark of young shoots is gray or dark gray; it is lighter in varieties with white flowers. Sometimes the color of the bark is a characteristic feature of the variety. For example, the Olimpiada Kolesnikova variety has brownish-purple bark. The length and structure of annual shoots in adult lilac plants depend on the age of the bush and growing conditions. On average, the length of flowering shoots in common lilac and most of its varieties is 20-30 cm with a thickness of 0.5-0.6 cm. Some varieties form shorter shoots 12-15 cm long (Godisho, Madame Casimir Perrier, Michel Buchner, Fürst Bülow, Schoolgirl). There is a group of tall varieties whose shoots grow 30-40 cm during the growing season (Buffon, Madame Antoine Buchner, Madame Lemoine, Madame Florent Stepman, Marshall Foch, Necker, Lights of Donbass, Olimpiada Kolesnikova, Princess Clementine, William Robinson).

In accordance with the length of the growths, the height of lilac bushes at the age of 15 years for medium-sized varieties is 2.5-3 m; low-growing varieties form wide bushes no more than 2 m high; tall - compact - over 3-3.5 m. Annual growth varies. The growth of young shoots is weakened by hot, dry weather, as well as insufficient care of plantings, especially in the first half of summer. No less important for the amount of growth is the intensity of flowering in a given year. The more abundant it is, the weaker the growth. The weakest growth of shoots is observed in those years when the weather is dry and hot during the period of abundant flowering. Pruning has a significant effect on shoot growth. After deep pruning of a bush for perennial wood or with heavy pruning of an annual shoot, young shoots reach a length of 60-70 cm or more; in this case, the number of nodes does not increase, but only the internodes stretch.
Generative (flowering) buds, as a rule, are formed on strong and well-lit shoots in the upper part of the crown. In the shade, lilac forms shoots only with vegetative buds. Weak shoots in the bush never progress to flowering. Due to their plasticity, lilac plants respond very quickly to improved care - annual growth increases, the size of buds, leaves and the number of flower buds on the shoot increase.

On an annual shoot, axillary buds are located opposite; often their strictly opposite arrangement is violated, approaching the next one, however, from such “next” buds, opposite shoots still appear in the future. Within the node on the shoot, two buds are formed, sometimes three; occasionally shoots with only triple buds are found in the bush (on powerful young bushes). In adult plants, as already mentioned, the apical bud on the annual shoot is absent.

In the lower part of such a shoot, in the axils of scale-like leaves with close internodes, there are two or three pairs of small, almost invisible buds. In the axils of the green (middle) leaves there are six to ten pairs of lateral buds; towards the top of the shoot, the internodes lengthen, the buds become larger.

The largest buds at the end of the shoot are usually generative, all lower buds are vegetative. Inflorescences consisting of paired panicles develop from the generative buds. Sometimes in a pair of buds, one - the generative one - produces an inflorescence, the other - the vegetative one - produces a growth shoot. Vegetative buds form paired continuation shoots, due to which the bush grows in height. The vigor of these shoots depends on the size of the buds, so that the longest shoots grow from the upper pair of vegetative buds.

Not all buds on an annual shoot germinate next year. The small, close buds at its base always remain dormant. If the final buds of the shoot are vegetative, then a large number of buds awaken: in addition to strong growth shoots, two to four pairs of shortened and weaker buds are formed from the upper one or two pairs of buds in the middle part of the shoot. If there were inflorescences on the one-year shoot, then the continuation shoots develop from only one or two pairs of underlying vegetative buds; the remaining kidneys do not awaken. The number of vegetative shoots also varies depending on the variety. With very strong flowering, when inflorescences are formed from several pairs of buds, the vegetative buds may not begin to grow at all, and the shoot will remain bare (variety William Robinson). On weak shoots of continuation, flower buds are not formed at all. Naturally, in both cases there will be no flowering next year. In general, lilacs are characterized by an alternation of years with abundant and moderate flowering.

Generative buds are large, up to 8.8 cm long, pointed-ovoid, protected on the outside by two or three pairs of covering scales, and the color of the scales is related to the color of the flowers - in light-colored varieties it is yellowish-green, in dark-colored varieties it is cherry-brown. These buds overwinter with the inflorescence already established; at this time they also have two to four pairs of rudimentary leaves, from which in the future scale-like (upper) leaves are formed at the base of the inflorescence.

Leaf arrangement

Vegetative buds are smaller and more elongated. From the base to the top of an annual shoot, their length increases from 1 mm to 1.2 cm. A large vegetative bud consists of three pairs of covering scales, two to three pairs of primordia of lower leaves and three to four pairs of primordia of green (middle) leaves. Thus, all organs of the lilac shoot are already embedded in the bud during latent (intrarenal) growth, which lasts 13-14 months. Subsequent formation of the stem, leaves and buds continues in a process of open growth during one growing season.

It is interesting that new, very strong shoots that develop after pruning the bush arise from weak dormant buds at the bottom of the shoot. In this regard, it can be assumed that the initiation of organs of such a shoot and their formation occur during open growth.

Near the strong buds, both generative and vegetative, two daughter buds located in the axils of the lower opposite scales are clearly visible to the naked eye. Apparently, branching is characteristic of vegetative buds located along the entire length of the shoot. Subsequently, daughter buds in generative ones participate in the formation of the inflorescence, while in vegetative ones they sometimes develop into weak shoots, but more often remain alone. The unrealized growth buds of the middle part of the shoot die and fall off, but their daughter buds are preserved and become dormant.
The lilac bush has a huge reserve of dormant buds. These are axillary buds in the lower part of the shoots, especially at the border of annual growth, and daughter buds. Dormant buds are located deep in the cortex and are not visible. They retain the ability to germinate throughout the life of the bush.
In aging thickened lilac bushes, the size of annual shoots decreases (length 3-8 cm with a thickness of 0.2-0.3 cm); the buds become smaller: at the top node they are only 0.3-0.4 cm long; the ends of the side shoots often dry out. Of the pair of upper lateral buds, only one continues to grow at this time, the other dies, so the growing perennial shoot takes on a peculiar “knobby” appearance.

On an annual vegetative shoot developing from a growth bud, leaves of two formations are located - lower and middle. The former have normal green plates. The lower leaves, represented by bud scales and scale-like green leaves (cataphylls), are located at the base of the shoot, in an area no more than 1 - 2 cm long. The bud scales reach their maximum size during the period of bud formation and die off at the beginning of shoot growth. In contrast, cataphylls grow, assimilate and fall off only at the end of May. The median leaves form inside the bud for eight and a half to nine months and live outside the bud for about seven months. The rate of their growth gradually decreases, starting from the first days of June, and by the end of the month the growth stops. The size of the leaf blade varies along the length of the shoot; the largest leaves develop in the upper nodes. The middle leaves are assimilated until late autumn and fall green after frost.

In the generative bud, the leaves of the third formation are laid - the top ones. These are scale-like or underdeveloped green leaves located at the base of the inflorescence. They die off soon after flowering ends.

Inflorescences, flowers, fruits

U common lilac inflorescences are an axillary panicle formed from the upper pair of lateral buds, less often from one or two underlying pairs. As already mentioned, there are upper leaves at the base of the panicle, but sometimes they are absent. Some varieties develop true green leaves inside the inflorescence (Miss Ellen Wilmott, Etoile de Mai). In cultivated lilac, the number of generative buds ranges from one to nine pairs. It varies depending on the crop and weather conditions, but in some varieties it is a varietal characteristic. Thus, the varieties Ludwig Speth, Jules Simon, Christopher Columbus, and Charles Joly often have only one pair of such buds.

The pyramidal shape of the lilac inflorescence varies widely among varieties. It can be oval, wide or narrow pyramidal, almost cylindrical, etc.

The length of the panicle in wild forms is from 10 to 25 cm; in varieties it remains within the same limits or slightly increases; the number of flowers in a panicle is from 100 to 400 (up to 1000 in varietal varieties). The main species has small flowers, about 1 cm in diameter; in varietal plants they are several times larger, especially in large-flowered ones (up to 4-5 cm).

In double varieties, the flowers have two to four, sometimes even five, corollas. In densely double forms, the stamens in the flower are absent, turning into additional petals; the style and stigma are often deformed. The character and degree of doubleness of flowers in double lilac varieties are fairly constant characteristics, while in semi-double varieties they are variable.

Most terry varieties do not set fruit well, including varieties with normally developed stamens. In double flowers, individual petals often curl inside the corolla tube. This probably interferes with pollination, since when pollen is artificially applied, ovaries form quite satisfactorily. However, some double varieties produce viable seeds well even with natural pollination (Michel Buchner, Condorcet), while at the same time there are varieties with semi-double and simple flowers, from which it is very difficult to obtain seeds (Reaumur, Mechta, Madame Florent Stepman).

It should be noted that sometimes breeders suppress plants specifically in order to obtain normal pollen from densely double forms, the flowers of which do not have stamens. If you grow specimens of these varieties on poor soils for a year, and even shorten the roots when replanting, the flowers lose their doubleness and form anthers with viable pollen. At the same time, pollen from oppressed plants retains the hereditary properties of this variety.

The lilac fruit is an oblong two-lobed capsule, the size and shape of which varies depending on the variety: in white-colored varieties it is elongated oval and without shoulders, in colored varieties it is shorter, wider, with clearly defined shoulders. Each nest usually contains two flat, winged seeds. In terry varieties, a four-celled capsule is often found. The weight of 1000 seeds is 5-9 g and depends on the variety - in terry forms the seeds are smaller, in non-terry forms they are larger and have better germination.

Spreading

Area of ​​natural distribution: mountainous regions of Hungary, Romania, Croatia, Bulgaria, Greece, in our country - the Carpathians (up to an altitude of 1200 m above sea level). Grows on inaccessible rocky cliffs and limestone mountain slopes.
In places of natural growth, relatively few varieties of common lilac have been found that differ noticeably from the original species. A variety with small wavy foliage and a form with larger flowers are distinguished.
In 1900, rhodopea lilac (S. rhodopea Velenovsky) was found in the mountains of Bulgaria, which the author identified as an independent species. According to morphological characteristics, it is very close to the common lilac and differs from the latter only in the characteristic round shape of the petals.

History of cultivation

In cultivation, lilac has shown great variability. In 1613, a form with white flowers was discovered, giving rise to numerous varieties. Forms with purple, violet, light lilac and other flower colors appear. In 1823, the first terry form was noted. Selection of this species began about 150 years ago, first in Europe (France), and then in America. As a result, over 1,600 varieties have been bred, widely used in ornamental gardening, garden construction and for winter forcing. Its varieties, possessing great ecological plasticity, are stable in the central zone of our country and are widespread in cultivation, reaching the north of the Solovetsky Islands. The species is also found in open plantings in some regions of Siberia, the Far East and Sakhalin. They are popular ornamental shrubs in landscaping.

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Common lilac is a multi-stemmed deciduous shrub 2-8 m high. The diameter of each trunk can reach 20 cm.

The shoots are greenish-gray or yellowish-gray, glabrous, round, with noticeable lentils and numerous narrow longitudinal cracks.

Leaves

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are 6-10×5-8 mm, from lilac and violet to white, fragrant, long-lasting, collected in paired pyramidal, erect or drooping panicles 10-20 cm long. The wild-growing form has single, purple flowers of various shades. It blooms annually in May - early June (in the south, in the Rostov region, the flowering dates are greatly shifted, flowering begins in mid-April), 20 days: 303, from the age of four.

Pollen grains are tricolpate, ellipsoidal, less often spherical in shape. The length of the polar axis is 25.5-34 µm, the equatorial diameter is 23.8-28.9 µm. The outline from the pole is almost round, from the equator - elliptical, less often round. The grooves are 5-7.5 µm wide, short, with uneven edges and unevenly blunt ends; the furrow membrane is fine-grained. The width of the mesocolpium is 20.4-23.8 µm, the diameter of the apocolpium is 11.9-15.3 µm. The thickness of the exine in the center of the mesocolpium is 2-2.5 µm, near the grooves - 1.5-1.8 µm (due to the thinning of the rod layer). The rods are thin, with round or oblong heads, located at a distance of 1-2 microns from one another. Mekzina is 0.6-0.8 microns thick, the cover is thin. The sculpture is mesh, with rod walls; The mesh cells are angular, often elongated, with a maximum diameter of 4 µm. Pollen grains are light yellow.

Fruit

Propagated by seeds, root suckers and shoots from the stump. Before spring sowing, seeds must be stratified. Common lilac seeds, under favorable conditions, are able to germinate immediately after collection: 168. It is recommended to sow them one month before frost: 177.

Lifespan

Lives to be a hundred years old. Sixty-year-old specimens are available in the Askania-Nova park. A specimen of common lilac has been registered that has reached 130 years of age. The bush was planted in 1801, by 1931 it had a diameter of 11 m, and the largest trunk had a girth of 80 cm at chest height.

Distribution and ecology

It grows naturally on the Balkan Peninsula (Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Yugoslavia). According to data from 1902, it grows wild along the lower reaches of the Danube (in Banat, the Iron Gate area), Bulgaria and Serbia. According to other sources, it has a relict habitat in the southern Carpathians.

Chemical composition

Wood

In medicine

The flowers have diaphoretic, antimalarial and analgesic effects. The leaves promote the maturation of abscesses and cleanse them of pus.

The growing popularity of lilacs at the beginning of the 20th century did not escape North America, where lilacs became widespread over time. In the USA, since the 1920s, the original varieties of common lilac were bred by John Dunbar, Gulda Klager, Walter Bosworth Clark, Theodor Havemeyer, and John Fiala. Founded in 1892 by John Dunbar, the Lilac Garden in Rochester, New York, has been home to the Lilac Festival since the late 19th century. English), which currently attracts more than half a million people annually. In Canada, where lilac is also very popular, Mary Eliza Blacklock, Frank Skinner worked on new varieties; in Hamilton, Canada, there is the world's largest syringaria, its collection consists of more than 800 varieties.
In Russia, lilac breeding has been carried out since the 1920s by the self-taught breeder L. A. Kolesnikov (1893-1968), who bred about 300 varieties (about 50 have survived). Some of them are recognized as masterpieces of breeding work (for example, the famous variety "Beauty of Moscow"); For his outstanding contribution to lilac culture, the International Lilac Society awarded Leonid Kolesnikov its highest award, the Golden Bough of Lilac, in 1973. N.K. Vekhov (1887-1956) also worked on varieties of common lilac, who created an extensive collection of lilac varieties for scientific work near Lipetsk at the Forest-Steppe Experimental Breeding Station; under his leadership, 15 highly decorative varieties were obtained. Lilac selection was carried out by N. L. Mikhailov, who became a laureate of the “Golden Branch of Lilac” in 1977. The centers for the study of lilacs in Russia have become the collections of botanical gardens: the Main Botanical Garden named after. Tsitsin RAS and the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University in Moscow. The GBS collection, which included over 400 varieties, was considered one of the best in the world in the 1970s. The collection of the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University, consisting of 130 varieties, presents the most complete collection of varieties selected by Leonid Kolesnikov.
A valuable contribution to the selection of lilacs was made by employees of the Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus - N.V. Smolsky and his co-author V.F. Bibikova, who obtained 16 varieties of lilac, distinguished not only by high decorativeness, but also by increased resistance in culture for use in urban landscaping. The collection of varieties created in Minsk by Academician Smolsky was second only to the GBS collection in Moscow in its range of varieties in the USSR. The selection of common lilac was also carried out in the Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Kyiv, where a syringarium with an extensive collection of varieties was also created. In the 1960s - 1970s, valuable varieties of common lilac appeared, bred in Kazakhstan, on which B.K. Dyagilev, V.G. Rubanik, T.V. Dzevitsky, M.G. Sagitova worked.

Common lilac has long been cultivated in the territory of the former USSR. Frost-resistant plant. Withstands temperatures down to −30° or more: 22. Quite drought-resistant and only needs watering in the driest areas on hot days. Hardy in urban environments. Tolerates slight shade. It is not very demanding on soil, grows on calcareous and rocky soils, on rather poor sandy soils, and tolerates low soil salinity (light chestnut soils). It reaches its best development on fertile, deep loamy soil and is one of the species that is demanding on soil fertility. Lilac varieties are recommended to be planted in well-fertilized soil: 29. During the growing process it requires a lot of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Prefers to grow on soils close to neutral (pH 6.5-7.4): 31-32.

In the International Register and Checklist of Cultivar Names in the Genus Syringa L. varieties are described by flower shape - single (S), double (D) and color code: white (I), violet (II), bluish (III), lilac (IV), pinkish (V), magenta (VI), purple (VII), complex or transitional (VIII). This color classification was proposed in 1942 by J. Wister and is still used today. If the color of the flowers of a variety corresponds to several color groups or changes during their blooming, then the combined color code is indicated using the “-” sign. If the color of a flower simultaneously contains colors belonging to two or more color groups, then the color code is indicated through the sign “/”.

Some varieties

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Notes

1. For the convention of indicating the class of dicotyledons as a superior taxon for the group of plants described in this article, see the section “APG Systems” of the article “Dicotyledons”.
2. Online
3. / Under. ed. Kalutsky K.K. - M.: Forestry Industry, 1982. - P. 190-191. - 264 s.
5. Kolesnikov A. I.
6. Sokolova T. A.. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2004. - P. 29. - 352 p. - ISBN 5-7695-1771-9.
7. ISBN 5-260-00145-1.
8. Plant life // Volume 5. Part 2. Flowering plants / Under. ed. Takhtadzhyan A.L. - M.: Education, 1981. - P. 371-375. - 512 s.
9. Rubtsov L. I.. - K.: Naukova Dumka, 1977. - P. 125. - 271 p.
10. According to the GRIN website. See plant card
11. Prof. A. Kerner von Marilaun./ Per. from last German ed., ed. ed. Alexandrova T.F.. - St. Petersburg. : St. Petersburg Electric Printing House, 1902. - pp. 79-80. - 107 s.
12. Walter G.. - M.: Mir, 1982. - 264 p.
13. Lilac time / N. Balmysheva, T. Polyakova. - M.: Penta, 2007. - ISBN 978-5-98303-016-9.
14. International register and checklist of cultivar names in the genus Syringa L. (Oleaceae). - 2003. - P. 280.
15. Savushkina I. G.// News of the Biosphere Reserve "Askania - Nova". - 2012. - T. 14.

Literature

• / Under. ed. Kalutsky K.K. - M.: Forestry Industry, 1982. - P. 190-191. - 264 s.
• Grozdova N. B., Nekrasov V. I., Globa-Mikhailenko D. A./ Under. ed. Nekrasova V.I.. - M.: Forestry Industry, 1986. - P. 235. - 349 p.
• Kolesnikov A. I.. - M.: Timber Industry, 1974. - P. 514-516. - 704 p.
• Altymyshev A. Medicinal wealth of Kyrgyzstan (natural origin). - F.: Kyrgyzstan, 1976. - P. 175-176. - 352 s.
• Burmistrov A. N., Nikitina V. A. Honey plants and their pollen: Directory. - M.: Rosagropromizdat, 1990. - P. 153. - 192 p. - ISBN 5-260-00145-1.

Links

• Lilac- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
• . Retrieved August 24, 2014.
• . Retrieved August 24, 2014.
• Peteris Upitis.. daylily.ru. Retrieved November 1, 2013.

An excerpt characterizing the common lilac

- Why didn’t you take us one, at least one marshal?
– Because not everything is done as expected, and not as regularly as at the parade. We expected, as I told you, to reach the rear by seven o'clock in the morning, but did not arrive at five in the evening.
- Why didn’t you come at seven o’clock in the morning? “You should have come at seven o’clock in the morning,” Bilibin said smiling, “you should have come at seven o’clock in the morning.”
– Why didn’t you convince Bonaparte through diplomatic means that it was better for him to leave Genoa? – Prince Andrei said in the same tone.
“I know,” Bilibin interrupted, “you think it’s very easy to take marshals while sitting on the sofa in front of the fireplace.” This is true, but still, why didn’t you take it? And do not be surprised that not only the Minister of War, but also the August Emperor and King Franz will not be very happy with your victory; and I, the unfortunate secretary of the Russian embassy, ​​do not feel any need to give my Franz a thaler as a sign of joy and let him go with his Liebchen [sweetheart] to the Prater... True, there is no Prater here.
He looked straight at Prince Andrei and suddenly pulled the collected skin off his forehead.
“Now it’s my turn to ask you why, my dear,” said Bolkonsky. “I confess to you that I don’t understand, maybe there are diplomatic subtleties here that are beyond my weak mind, but I don’t understand: Mack is losing an entire army, Archduke Ferdinand and Archduke Charles do not show any signs of life and make mistakes after mistakes, finally, alone Kutuzov wins a real victory, destroys the charme [charm] of the French, and the Minister of War is not even interested in knowing the details.
“That’s exactly why, my dear.” Voyez vous, mon cher: [You see, my dear:] hurray! for the Tsar, for Rus', for the faith! Tout ca est bel et bon, [all this is fine and good,] but what do we, I say, the Austrian court, care about your victories? Bring us your good news about the victory of Archduke Charles or Ferdinand - un archiduc vaut l "autre, [one Archduke is worth another,] as you know - even over a company of Bonaparte’s fire brigade, that’s another matter, we’ll thunder into the cannons. Otherwise this , as if on purpose, can only tease us. Archduke Charles does nothing, Archduke Ferdinand is covered in shame. You abandon Vienna, you no longer defend, comme si vous nous disiez: [as if you told us:] God is with us, and God is with you, with your capital. One general, whom we all loved, Shmit: you bring him under the bullet and congratulate us on the victory!... Agree that it is impossible to think of anything more irritating than the news you bring. C "est comme un fait expres, Comme un fait expres. [It’s as if on purpose, as if on purpose.] Besides, well, if you had definitely won a brilliant victory, even if Archduke Charles had won, what would it have changed in the general course of affairs? It is too late now that Vienna is occupied by French troops.
-How busy are you? Is Vienna busy?
“Not only is she busy, but Bonaparte is in Schönbrunn, and the count, our dear Count Vrbna, goes to him for orders.”
Bolkonsky, after the fatigue and impressions of the journey, the reception, and especially after dinner, felt that he did not understand the full meaning of the words he heard.
“Count Lichtenfels was here this morning,” Bilibin continued, “and showed me a letter in which the French parade in Vienna is described in detail. Le prince Murat et tout le tremblement... [Prince Murat and all that...] You see that your victory is not very joyful, and that you cannot be accepted as a savior...
- Really, it doesn’t matter to me, it doesn’t matter at all! - said Prince Andrei, beginning to understand that his news about the battle of Krems really had little importance in view of such events as the occupation of the capital of Austria. - How was Vienna taken? What about the bridge and the famous tete de pont [bridge fortification] and Prince Auersperg? “We had rumors that Prince Auersperg was defending Vienna,” he said.
“Prince Auersperg stands on this, our side, and protects us; I think it protects very poorly, but it still protects. And Vienna is on the other side. No, the bridge has not yet been taken and, I hope, will not be taken, because it is mined and they have ordered it to be blown up. Otherwise, we would have been in the mountains of Bohemia long ago, and you and your army would have spent a bad quarter of an hour between two fires.
“But this still does not mean that the campaign is over,” said Prince Andrei.
- And I think it’s over. And so the big caps here think, but they don’t dare say it. It will be what I said at the beginning of the campaign, that it is not your echauffouree de Durenstein, [the Durenstein skirmish] that gunpowder will decide the matter, but those who invented it,” said Bilibin, repeating one of his mots [words], loosening his skin on the forehead and pausing. – The only question is what the Berlin meeting of Emperor Alexander with the Prussian king will say. If Prussia enters into an alliance, on forcera la main a l "Autriche, [they force Austria] and there will be war. If not, then the only question is to agree on where to draw up the initial articles of the new Campo Formio. [Campo Formio.]
– But what extraordinary genius! - Prince Andrei suddenly cried out, squeezing his small hand and hitting the table with it. - And what happiness is this man!
- Buonaparte? [Buonaparte?] - Bilibin said questioningly, wrinkling his forehead and thereby making it felt that now there would be an un mot [word]. - Bu onaparte? - he said, emphasizing especially the u. “I think, however, that now that he is prescribing the laws of Austria from Schönbrunn, il faut lui faire grace de l"u [we must rid him of i.] I decisively make an innovation and call it Bonaparte tout court [simply Bonaparte].
“No, no joke,” said Prince Andrei, “do you really think that the campaign is over?”
- That's what I think. Austria was left in the cold, and she was not used to it. And she will repay. And she remained a fool because, firstly, the provinces were ruined (on dit, le Orthodox est terrible pour le pillage), [they say that the Orthodox is terrible in terms of robberies,] the army was defeated, the capital was taken, and all this pour les beaux yeux du [for the sake of beautiful eyes,] Sardinian Majesty. And therefore - entre nous, mon cher [between us, my dear] - I instinctively hear that we are being deceived, I instinctively hear relations with France and projects for peace, a secret peace, separately concluded.
– This can’t be! - said Prince Andrei, - that would be too disgusting.
“Qui vivra verra, [We’ll wait and see,”] said Bilibin, unraveling his skin again as a sign of the end of the conversation.
When Prince Andrei came to the room prepared for him and lay down in clean linen on down jackets and fragrant heated pillows, he felt that the battle about which he had brought news was far, far away from him. The Prussian Union, the betrayal of Austria, the new triumph of Bonaparte, the exit and parade, and the reception of Emperor Franz for the next day occupied him.
He closed his eyes, but at the same moment the cannonade, gunfire, the sound of carriage wheels crackled in his ears, and then again the musketeers stretched out like a thread were descending from the mountain, and the French were shooting, and he felt his heart shudder, and he rode forward next to Shmit, and bullets whistle merrily around him, and he experiences that feeling of tenfold joy in life, which he has not experienced since childhood.
He woke up...
“Yes, it all happened!..” he said, smiling happily, childishly to himself, and fell into a deep, young sleep.

The next day he woke up late. Renewing the impressions of the past, he remembered first of all that today he had to introduce himself to Emperor Franz, he remembered the Minister of War, the courteous Austrian adjutant, Bilibin and the conversation of yesterday evening. Dressed in full dress uniform, which he had not worn for a long time, for the trip to the palace, he, fresh, lively and handsome, with his arm tied, entered Bilibin’s office. There were four gentlemen of the diplomatic corps in the office. Bolkonsky was familiar with Prince Ippolit Kuragin, who was the secretary of the embassy; Bilibin introduced him to others.
The gentlemen who visited Bilibin, secular, young, rich and cheerful people, formed a separate circle both in Vienna and here, which Bilibin, who was the head of this circle, called ours, les nftres. This circle, which consisted almost exclusively of diplomats, apparently had its own interests that had nothing to do with war and politics, interests of high society, relations with certain women and the clerical side of the service. These gentlemen, apparently, willingly accepted Prince Andrei into their circle as one of their own (an honor they did to few). Out of politeness, and as a subject for entering into conversation, he was asked several questions about the army and the battle, and the conversation again crumbled into inconsistent, cheerful jokes and gossip.
“But it’s especially good,” said one, telling the failure of a fellow diplomat, “what’s especially good is that the chancellor directly told him that his appointment to London was a promotion, and that he should look at it that way.” Do you see his figure at the same time?...
“But what’s worse, gentlemen, I give you Kuragin: the man is in misfortune, and this Don Juan, this terrible man, is taking advantage of it!”
Prince Hippolyte was lying in a Voltaire chair, his legs crossed over the arm. He laughed.
“Parlez moi de ca, [Come on, come on,]” he said.
- Oh, Don Juan! Oh snake! – voices were heard.
“You don’t know, Bolkonsky,” Bilibin turned to Prince Andrei, “that all the horrors of the French army (I almost said the Russian army) are nothing compared to what this man did between women.”
“La femme est la compagne de l"homme, [A woman is a man’s friend],” said Prince Hippolyte and began to look through the lorgnette at his raised legs.
Bilibin and ours burst out laughing, looking into Ippolit’s eyes. Prince Andrei saw that this Ippolit, whom he (had to admit) was almost jealous of his wife, was a buffoon in this society.
“No, I must treat you to Kuragin,” Bilibin said quietly to Bolkonsky. – He is charming when he talks about politics, you need to see this importance.
He sat down next to Hippolytus and, gathering folds on his forehead, began a conversation with him about politics. Prince Andrei and others surrounded both.
“Le cabinet de Berlin ne peut pas exprimer un sentiment d" alliance,” Hippolyte began, looking at everyone significantly, “sans exprimer... comme dans sa derieniere note... vous comprenez... vous comprenez... et puis si sa Majeste l"Empereur ne deroge pas au principe de notre alliance... [The Berlin cabinet cannot express its opinion on the alliance without expressing... as in its last note... you understand... you understand... however, if His Majesty the Emperor does not change the essence of our alliance...]
“Attendez, je n"ai pas fini...,” he said to Prince Andrei, grabbing his hand. “Je suppose que l”intervention sera plus forte que la non intervention.” Et...” He paused. – On ne pourra pas imputer a la fin de non recevoir notre depeche du 28 novembre. Voila comment tout cela finira. [Wait, I haven't finished. I think that intervention will be stronger than non-intervention. And... It is impossible to consider the matter over if our dispatch of November 28 is not accepted. How will this all end?]
And he let go of Bolkonsky’s hand, indicating that he had now completely finished.
“Demosthenes, je te reconnais au caillou que tu as cache dans ta bouche d"or! [Demosthenes, I recognize you by the pebble that you hide in your golden lips!] - said Bilibin, whose cap of hair moved on his head with pleasure .
Everyone laughed. Hippolytus laughed loudest of all. He apparently suffered, was suffocating, but could not resist the wild laughter that stretched his always motionless face.
“Well, gentlemen,” said Bilibin, “Bolkonsky is my guest in the house and here in Brunn, and I want to treat him, as much as I can, to all the joys of life here.” If we were in Brunn, it would be easy; but here, dans ce vilain trou morave [in this nasty Moravian hole], it is more difficult, and I ask you all for help. Il faut lui faire les honneurs de Brunn. [We need to show him Brunn.] You take over the theater, I – society, you, Hippolytus, of course – women.
– We need to show him Amelie, she’s lovely! - said one of ours, kissing the tips of his fingers.
“In general, this bloodthirsty soldier,” said Bilibin, “should be converted to more humane views.”
“I’m unlikely to take advantage of your hospitality, gentlemen, and now it’s time for me to go,” Bolkonsky said, looking at his watch.
- Where?
- To the emperor.
- ABOUT! O! O!
- Well, goodbye, Bolkonsky! Goodbye, prince; “Come to dinner earlier,” voices were heard. - We are taking care of you.
“Try to praise the order in the delivery of provisions and routes as much as possible when you speak with the emperor,” said Bilibin, escorting Bolkonsky to the front hall.
“And I would like to praise, but I can’t, as much as I know,” Bolkonsky answered smiling.
- Well, in general, talk as much as possible. His passion is audiences; but he himself does not like to speak and does not know how, as you will see.

On the way out, Emperor Franz only gazed intently at the face of Prince Andrei, who stood in the appointed place between the Austrian officers, and nodded his long head to him. But after leaving yesterday’s wing, the adjutant politely conveyed to Bolkonsky the emperor’s desire to give him an audience.
Emperor Franz received him, standing in the middle of the room. Before starting the conversation, Prince Andrei was struck by the fact that the emperor seemed confused, not knowing what to say, and blushed.
– Tell me, when did the battle begin? – he asked hastily.
Prince Andrei answered. This question was followed by other, equally simple questions: “Is Kutuzov healthy? How long ago did he leave Krems?” etc. The Emperor spoke with such an expression as if his whole goal was only to ask a certain number of questions. The answers to these questions, as was too obvious, could not interest him.
– At what time did the battle begin? - asked the emperor.
“I can’t tell your Majesty at what time the battle began from the front, but in Dürenstein, where I was, the army began the attack at 6 o’clock in the evening,” said Bolkonsky, perking up and at the same time assuming that he would be able to present what was already ready in his head a true description of everything that he knew and saw.
But the emperor smiled and interrupted him:
- How many miles?
- From where and to where, Your Majesty?
– From Durenstein to Krems?
- Three and a half miles, Your Majesty.
-Have the French left the left bank?
“As the scouts reported, the last ones crossed on rafts that night.
– Is there enough fodder in Krems?
– The fodder was not delivered in that quantity...
The Emperor interrupted him.
– At what time was General Schmit killed?...
- At seven o'clock, I think.
- At 7:00. Very sad! Very sad!
The Emperor said his thanks and bowed. Prince Andrei came out and was immediately surrounded on all sides by courtiers. Kind eyes looked at him from all sides and gentle words were heard. Yesterday's adjutant reproached him for not staying at the palace and offered him his home. The Minister of War approached, congratulating him on the Order of Maria Theresa, 3rd class, which the Emperor had bestowed upon him. The Empress's chamberlain invited him to see Her Majesty. The Archduchess also wanted to see him. He didn’t know who to answer, and took a few seconds to collect his thoughts. The Russian envoy took him by the shoulder, took him to the window and began to talk to him.
Contrary to Bilibin’s words, the news he brought was received joyfully. A thanksgiving service was scheduled. Kutuzov was awarded the Grand Cross by Maria Theresa, and the entire army received decorations. Bolkonsky received invitations from all sides and had to make visits to the main dignitaries of Austria all morning. Having finished his visits at five o'clock in the evening, mentally composing a letter to his father about the battle and about his trip to Brunn, Prince Andrei returned home to Bilibin. At the porch of the house occupied by Bilibin, a britzka half-stuffed with belongings stood, and Franz, Bilibin’s servant, with difficulty dragging his suitcase, came out of the door.
Before going to Bilibin, Prince Andrei went to a bookstore to stock up on books for the trip and sat in the shop.
- What's happened? – asked Bolkonsky.
- Ach, Erlaucht? - said Franz, with difficulty loading the suitcase into the chaise. – Wir ziehen noch weiter. Der Bosewicht ist schon wieder hinter uns her! [Ah, your Excellency! We go even further. The villain is already on our heels again.]
- What's happened? What? - asked Prince Andrei.
Bilibin came out to meet Bolkonsky. There was excitement on Bilibin’s always calm face.
“Non, non, avouez que c"est charmant," he said, "cette histoire du pont de Thabor (bridge in Vienna). Ils l"ont passe sans coup ferir. [No, no, admit that this is a delight, this story with the Tabor Bridge. They crossed it without resistance.]
Prince Andrei did not understand anything.
- Where are you from that you don’t know what all the coachmen in the city already know?
- I am from the Archduchess. I didn't hear anything there.
– And didn’t you see that they are stacking everywhere?
- I haven’t seen it... But what’s the matter? – Prince Andrei asked impatiently.
- What's the matter? The fact is that the French crossed the bridge that Auesperg defends, and the bridge was not blown up, so Murat is now running along the road to Brunn, and today they will be here tomorrow.
- Like here? How come they didn’t blow up the bridge when it was mined?
– And this is what I’m asking you. Nobody, not even Bonaparte himself, knows this.
Bolkonsky shrugged.
“But if the bridge is crossed, it means the army is lost: it will be cut off,” he said.
“That’s the thing,” answered Bilibin. - Listen. The French are entering Vienna, as I told you. Everything is very good. The next day, that is, yesterday, gentlemen marshals: Murat Lann and Belliard, sit on horseback and go to the bridge. (Note that all three are Gascons.) Gentlemen,” says one, “you know that the Tabor Bridge is mined and counter-mined, and that in front of it is a formidable tete de pont and fifteen thousand troops, who have been ordered to blow up the bridge and not let us in.” But our sovereign Emperor Napoleon will be pleased if we take this bridge. The three of us will go and take this bridge. “Let’s go,” others say; and they set off and take the bridge, cross it and now with the entire army on this side of the Danube they are heading towards us, towards you and towards your messages.
“No more joking,” said Prince Andrei sadly and seriously.
This news was sad and at the same time pleasant for Prince Andrei.
As soon as he learned that the Russian army was in such a hopeless situation, it occurred to him that he was precisely destined to lead the Russian army out of this situation, that here he was, that Toulon, who would lead him out of the ranks of unknown officers and open the first path for him to glory! Listening to Bilibin, he was already thinking how, having arrived at the army, he would present an opinion at the military council that alone would save the army, and how he alone would be entrusted with the execution of this plan.
“Don’t be kidding,” he said.
“I’m not joking,” continued Bilibin, “there is nothing fairer and sadder.” These gentlemen come to the bridge alone and raise white scarves; They assure that there is a truce, and that they, the marshals, are going to negotiate with Prince Auersperg. The officer on duty lets them into the tete de pont. [bridge fortification.] They tell him a thousand Gascon nonsense: they say that the war is over, that Emperor Franz has appointed a meeting with Bonaparte, that they want to see Prince Auersperg, and a thousand Gasconades, etc. The officer sends for Auersperg; These gentlemen hug the officers, joke, sit on the cannons, and meanwhile the French battalion enters the bridge unnoticed, throws bags of flammable substances into the water and approaches the tete de pont. Finally, the Lieutenant General himself appears, our dear Prince Auersperg von Mautern. “Dear enemy! The flower of the Austrian army, the hero of the Turkish wars! The enmity is over, we can give each other a hand... Emperor Napoleon is burning with the desire to recognize Prince Auersperg.” In a word, these gentlemen, not for nothing Gascons, shower Auersperg with beautiful words, he is so seduced by his so quickly established intimacy with the French marshals, so blinded by the sight of Murat’s mantle and ostrich feathers, qu"il n"y voit que du feu, et oubl celui qu"il devait faire faire sur l"ennemi. [That he sees only their fire and forgets about his own, which he was obliged to open against the enemy.] (Despite the liveliness of his speech, Bilibin did not forget to pause after this mot to give time to evaluate it.) The French battalion runs into tete de pont, the guns are nailed down, and the bridge is taken. No, but what’s best,” he continued, calming down in his excitement by the charm of his own story, “is that the sergeant assigned to that cannon, at the signal of which the mines were supposed to be lit and the bridge blown up, this sergeant, seeing that the French troops running to the bridge, he was about to shoot, but Lann pulled his hand away. The sergeant, who was apparently smarter than his general, comes up to Auersperg and says: “Prince, you are being deceived, these are the French!” Murat sees that the matter is lost if the sergeant is allowed to speak. He turns to Auersperg with surprise (a real Gascon): “I don’t recognize the Austrian discipline so vaunted in the world,” he says, “and you allow a lower rank to talk to you like that!” C "est genial. Le prince d" Auersperg se pique d "honneur et fait mettre le sergent aux arrets. Non, mais avouez que c" est charmant toute cette histoire du pont de Thabor. Ce n"est ni betise, ni lachete... [This is brilliant. Prince Auersperg is offended and orders the arrest of the sergeant. No, admit it, it’s lovely, this whole story with the bridge. This is not just stupidity, not just meanness...]

Information about what types of lilac exist, how and where it grows, when and in what way it is planted, and what care it needs is presented below.

Description and varieties

Amateur gardeners often wonder: is lilac a tree or a shrub? There is a clear answer to this - lilac is deciduous shrub with many trunks, which grows from 2 to 8 meters in height with a trunk thickness of up to 20 cm, so many consider it a tree.

Lilac leaves in early spring, and they remain green until late autumn. In appearance, the leaves of different varieties have an elongated oval, ovoid, heart-shaped shape with a sharp top of light or dark green color.

During flowering, conical panicles are formed, the length of which can reach 20 cm. The color of the inflorescences can be white, blue, lilac, violet, purple, or have pink shades. The flowers are small four-petaled, bell-shaped cups with a corolla, two stamens and a flat limb divided into four parts.

There are approximately 30 varieties of lilacs, which grow in personal plots, gardens, parks and just on the street.

The most suitable for growing in the country is common lilac, which has been cultivated since 1583 and today is represented by four main varieties with the following description:

If you want to grow something extraordinary in your summer cottage, you should consider the following options: types of lilac:

Did you know? There is a sign - if you find a flower with five petals in a lilac brush and eat it, or put it between the pages of a book, then you can safely make a wish that will definitely come true.

Conditions for growth

When choosing a place to plant lilacs on your site The following parameters should be taken into account:

• intensity and duration of natural light;
• soil type and composition;
• humidity;
• the size of the allocated area for the growth, development and nutrition of the plant.

In the temperate climate of the middle zone, lilacs tolerate both hot summers and frosty winters.

Lighting and location

Lilac is an unpretentious plant, and it does not require special conditions. The most suitable place for planting it will be an area located on a plain or a small slope with sunlight throughout the day. Bushes planted in the shade will not be lush, their development is slow, and flowering is very weak or absent altogether.

Soil for the bush

Anything is suitable for lilacs cultivated garden soils. Where fruit trees and berry bushes grow, lilac will thrive.

Doesn't suit her heavy, structureless and highly acidic soils. Acidic soil can be neutralized with lime, dolomite flour or ash, but this product will have to be used annually.

Temporarily flooded, swampy or low-lying areas are not suitable for lilacs. In such landscapes, it is necessary to create a separate mound for each bush, and not a traditional hole, as with conventional planting.

It is also problematic clay soil. But planting a plant is possible provided that the planting site is loosened with sand, neutralized peat, leaf humus or other organic additives. But since clay does not allow moisture to pass through well, you should ensure that rainwater does not accumulate in such an area in a hole prepared for the growth of lilacs. Areas with high humidity are detrimental to this plant.

Important! If groundwater approaches the soil surface at a level of less than 1.5 m, then such conditions are not suitable for the normal growth of any type of lilac.

When planting lilacs in open ground and further caring for it, it is important to take into account not only design ideas for decorating your site, but also the real needs of the plant itself.

For normal growth and development of the bush, free space in the form of a circle with a diameter of at least 4 meters is required. But since on a summer cottage, as a rule, there is not much space, this is acceptable minimum distance:

• when planting in groups - 2-2.5 m between trunks;
• for row planting - 1.5-2 m;
• in the form of a hedge - 1 meter.

It makes sense to grow small seedlings in a separate area with a distance of 30-50 cm between them. And then, upon reaching a height of 1 m, they should be transplanted to the originally planned place.

Selection of seedlings

You can purchase lilac seedlings in two varieties - own-rooted and grafted.

For beginner gardeners, the first option is more suitable. More often it is presented in the form of layering or root shoots of own-rooted lilac, sometimes as rooted cuttings.

Varietal grafted seedlings are obtained from common lilac, Hungarian or privet. The first ones are considered the best, as they grow and bloom without problems for decades. Others may unexpectedly reject the grafted variety after a few years.

Deadlines

The most suitable time for planting lilacs is from the second half of August to the end of September. During this period, the plant begins to prepare for the transition to a winter dormant state, but for successful rooting there are still enough warm days remaining before the onset of winter.

When planting lilacs in late autumn, a month before the first frost, you should take care plant protection. To do this, immediately after planting watering, it is necessary to fill the watering circle with loose insulating material, such as dry leaves, sawdust, dried peat. The thickness of the layer should be impressive - 20 cm or more.

Spring planting should begin as early as possible and always before the appearance of leaf buds on the branches. In this case, the pits for planting must be prepared in the fall. Experts do not recommend planting lilacs in the spring, since successful rooting will require much more effort than when planting in the fall.

Important! In the first summer, newly planted lilacs require special attention. This applies to timely watering, spraying and protection from the harmful effects of wind and sun.

Pit preparation

The pits for planting seedlings are prepared before planting begins. 2.5-3 weeks. For a two to four year old plant, a hole in the soil with a diameter of 45-50 cm and a depth of up to 40-45 cm is sufficient.

The pit is filled with ordinary soil, to which rotted manure or dry peat is added. One pit will require up to 20 kg of such organic fertilizers. For sandy soils, it is necessary to add dolomite flour, since it contains magnesium, which is usually absent in sandstones. Reducing soil acidity is achieved by adding 2-2.5 kg of calcareous tuff.

The following mineral fertilizers are applied along with organic additives:

• granulated superphosphate - 0.7-0.9 kg;
• potassium sulfate - 150 g;
• phosphate rock or bone meal - 0.3 kg;
• wood ash - 700-900 g.

Fertilizers are mixed with the main soil so that most of them are in the lower layers of the filled pit.

Circuit and technology

Before planting, you should inspect the roots, and if they are damaged, trim them carefully. Before planting, the entire root system should be treated with mash - water-based clay mixed with manure.

Before placing the plant in the hole, a conical hill is created in its center, reaching in height almost to the general surface level. When placing a seedling on it, the roots are evenly spread in all directions in a circle from the base.

With the natural subsidence of fresh soil, the bush goes deeper into the soil, so its root collar after planting should extend 4-6 cm from the soil.

Having filled the soil to the desired level, it should be compacted by carefully trampling it with your feet from the edges to the trunk. Then a circle of earth is formed in the form of a bulk roller with a height of 15 to 20 cm, forming a hole that will retain water during precipitation and irrigation.

After the plant is planted in the hole, it is poured from 1.5 to 2 buckets of water. When the water is absorbed, the hole is filled with ordinary soil and mulched with a layer of peat at least five centimeters thick.

Proper care

Common lilac requires not only proper planting, but also further care aimed at the dynamic development of the plant. The main actions are timely watering, regular pruning.

Watering

During the first half of summer, watering should be plentiful. (up to 30 liters per 1 square meter). This is especially true in dry, hot weather. Subsequently, until autumn, watering is required only in the event of a persistent drought. Excessive watering at this time leads to the appearance of new shoots that may freeze in winter.

The first year, watering is carried out only in the area of ​​the planting hole. As the size of the bush increases, the watering zone expands.

Watering rates are determined by the location of the bushes. For example, a bush located in a sunny, well-windowed place requires a larger volume of water, since intense evaporation occurs in such conditions.

In spring and summer, the crown is washed with a sprayed stream of water under pressure from a hose to remove dust and dirt accumulated on top from the sheets at the lower levels.

Top dressing

To replenish the fertility of the soil on which the bushes grow, fertilizing is carried out annually.

The first feeding is done in early spring, when the first young shoots appear. It includes mineral fertilizers, the amount of which is indicated for one bush:

• ammonium nitrate (20-30 g);
• superphosphate (30 g);

In gardens, parks, alleys and courtyards of multi-storey buildings - you can find lilac bushes almost everywhere. Lilac belongs to that variety of flowering shrubs that everyone probably loves. And how can you not admire the amazing, fluffy tassels of white, bluish-lilac, pinkish-lilac. And what a wonderful aroma surrounds this blooming splendor. The flowering period begins in the last days of May. The lilacs have bloomed - we can safely talk about the arrival of summer. But in addition to beauty, nature has endowed this amazing shrub with medicinal properties.

Botanical characteristics of the plant

Common lilac is, as a rule, a shrub, but sometimes gardeners form it in the form of a small tree. Lilac bushes grow quite quickly and can reach a height of 6 to 8 meters, depending on the climatic conditions of the region where they grow. The leaves of lilac are rich green in the shape of an elongated heart; they remain green until frost and, when they fall, do not change their color. The leaf blade is dense, harsh with pronounced veins and a long, strong petiole. The length of the leaf reaches 10-12 centimeters, the edge is without jagged, smooth.

Lilac blooms at the turn of May-June, forming fluffy clusters of pyramidal, oval or cylindrical shapes of various colors, which depend on the variety of shrub. Common lilac forms an inflorescence consisting of many small flowers, each of which has a bell-like calyx, a four-membered corolla with a cylindrical tube. Wild lilacs usually have lilac-blue flowers of a uniquely specific shade, which gave the definition of “lilac color.”

Today, breeders have developed a huge number of varieties of lilac, differing from each other in color, size and shape of flower brushes. The varieties also differ in the appearance of the individual flowers that form the inflorescence - they can be double or painted as if in two colors, for example, the flower itself is dark purple, and has a bright white border along the edge. The duration of lilac flowering is usually up to twenty days, but there are also varieties with a longer flowering period.

After flowering, common lilac forms fruit-boxes filled with small seeds, which are easily dispersed by the wind, thanks to the “wings” the seeds have. In addition to propagation by seeds, which have good germination, common lilac also reproduces by basal shoots. Usually gardeners simply dig up a shoot next to the bush and transplant it where they plan: the shoots take root well and if they die, it is rare. A lilac growing from a shoot blooms much earlier than one that develops from a seed.

During the flowering period, lilac bushes are literally covered with a hat of flowers. Lilac flowers are used for bouquets that retain their fresh appearance and aroma in a vase for a long time. If you carefully, and not in a barbaric manner, cut off the branches with flowers for bouquets, the bush will not lose its decorative appearance, and next year you will be pleased with new shoots with flowers.

Common lilac is an undemanding plant and can grow almost anywhere; in addition, the plant has good winter hardiness. Therefore, it can be found in the Siberian zone and even in the North.
Firms involved in growing flowers also grow lilacs for winter bouquets, using greenhouses for this purpose.
Lilac flowers are used in the perfume industry, and various crafts and souvenirs are made from the wood.

A little history of lilacs

According to a historical document, the first mention of lilac appeared in the 16th century and it was then called “Turkish viburnum”, because it was brought from Turkey by an Austrian diplomat, a lover of exotic flowers. Thanks to its beautiful and fragrant flowers, lilac quickly won the hearts of European gardeners and spread throughout Europe; it was also brought to Russia. The plant received its name from Carl Linnaeus, who named the shrub lilac in honor of the legendary beauty from Ancient Greece named Syringa, who allegedly turned into a beautiful plant.

Lilac and folk beliefs:

In Rus' there was a belief that lilac has magical protective properties and they always tried to plant a bush of this plant in front of their house. Lilac bushes, in addition to their beauty and aroma, were supposed to protect the house and the family living in it from evil spirits, ghosts, and save them from any other evil spirits. Lilac brought peace, prosperity and happiness to the entire family that planted this plant. And if someone can find an unusual, five-petaled flower among the lilac flowers, he will be especially lucky and will be able to make a wish that will certainly come true.

Useful properties of lilac and preparation of medicinal raw materials

Common lilac has long been appreciated by folk healers as a useful medicinal plant that brings relief to people affected by various ailments. Descriptions of the medicinal properties of lilac can be found in various reference books on medicinal herbs. Thus, it is widely believed that not only lilac flowers, but also leaves, buds and bark have medicinal properties.

Lilac buds are harvested for medicinal raw materials during the period of their “swelling”, when they have not yet opened. Lay out in a thin layer on a mat and dry well, then store in a canvas bag, using as needed. For medicinal use, flowers are harvested when they are still in the form of buds and have not opened. The cluster of flowers is cut together with the branch and dried in a hanging position in a well-ventilated place where there is no access to rain, usually under a canopy or in the attic of a house. Lilac leaves are collected in May or early June only in dry weather, before they become old and hard, dried on a litter in the shade, scattered in a thin layer for better drying. The bark should be harvested only from young stems and shoots, or together with the leaves.

Finished raw materials can be stored in a wooden, well-closed container for no more than two years, then it must be replaced with a fresh one. Preparation of medicinal raw materials can be made from almost any type of lilac, but in folk medicine there are more often descriptions of recipes that use white lilac, or traditional “lilac”.

Common lilac - description of chemical composition and medicinal properties

Common lilac, despite the fact that it has been used as a medicinal plant for quite a long time, has not yet been chemically studied well enough. Thus, today it is known that lilac flowers contain substances such as essential oil, syringopicrin, phenoglycosides, phytoncides, various resins, farnesin, sinigrin and other substances.

Syringin, various bitters and vitamins, including vitamin C, were found in lilac leaves. The bark and branches contain sinigrin, which is a bitter glycoside. Common lilac has medicinal properties due to its biochemical composition.

Recipes in folk medicine

Traditional medicine offers a description of recipes for using lilac for diseases such as pulmonary tuberculosis, urolithiasis, flu, cough, fever, diarrhea, joint pain, gout or purulent wounds. Lilac was brewed and drunk as tea, and infusions, decoctions and vodka tinctures were made.

• As a diaphoretic, expectorant and diuretic They use lilac inflorescences, preparing an infusion from them according to the recipe: pour a glass of boiling water over a tablespoon of inflorescences and leave for at least an hour, then filter and drink a tablespoon warm at least three times a day. This infusion is taken for diseases such as bronchitis, catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, pneumonia or inflammation of the bladder.
• As an antipyretic diaphoretic drug– make an infusion from lilac inflorescences according to the recipe: take half a liter of boiling water and pour two tablespoons of lilac flowers into it (you can use lilac buds), let it brew for an hour, in a well-wrapped container. You should only drink it warm, a glass four times a day, regardless of meals. A positive therapeutic effect is observed in bronchial asthma.
• As a remedy for the treatment of wounds of varying complexity, bruises and rheumatism Lilac can be used in the form of lotions, compresses or wraps. There are several recipes you can use. The first is a lotion made from a tincture prepared from half a liter of vodka and a glass of lilac flowers, infused for two weeks in a dark place. The dressings are moistened with tincture and changed frequently - at least 5 times a day. Purulent ulcers and poorly healing wounds can be well healed using crushed fresh young lilac leaves or preparing a rich decoction for lotions from them. When using fresh leaves, the wound surface should be lightly steamed and covered with washed leaves and bandaged. In the first day or two, the wound is treated at least four times a day, and when it begins to heal, the dressings can be changed once a day. You can also use the bark from young lilac shoots. Erysipelas of the skin are well treated with the bark, and various wounds with crushed leaves.
• For the treatment of malaria There is an old recipe of Russian healers: you need to take 12 pieces (be sure to pick them in the evening) of leaves and brew them with a glass of boiling water, then wrap the vessel very well and leave it to steep until the morning. Every morning, until recovery, the patient should drink a glass of this infusion on an empty stomach. Recovery occurred on days 8-10 of treatment.
• For the treatment of diabetes use lilac buds. It is necessary to collect the buds during the period of their swelling or use dried ones in the amount of three tablespoons, which are poured with two glasses of boiling water and left for 6 hours. This volume is the daily dose of the medicine. You can also prepare a decoction of 10 grams of kidneys per glass of boiling water. Boil for ten minutes, strain and, if necessary, add boiled water to the original volume. Drink this decoction a tablespoon three to four times a day.
• For gout, use a tincture made from a glass of vodka and two tablespoons of lilac flowers. This composition is infused in the dark for a week, which needs to be shaken periodically. Take 45-50 drops 3-4 times a day before meals.
• For the treatment of pulmonary and throat tuberculosis prepare a tincture: mix lilac leaves and St. John's wort herb in equal quantities and fill a liter jar 2/3 full, then fill it all with vodka (about a liter is required) and leave in a dark place for a week. Drink at the table. spoon before meals twice a day.
• For polyps in the stomach drink an infusion of white lilac branches with leaves and flowers, prepared as follows: take two white lilac branches (one inflorescence per branch), chop if possible and pour two glasses of boiling water. Leave for about 12 hours in a well-wrapped container. Drink this infusion half a glass before meals four times a day.
• When vision deteriorates lilac is brewed as tea, using only the flowers, and moistened swabs are applied to the eyes for 4-5 minutes.
• If you have shortness of breath, drink two tablespoons. spoons of infusion up to five times a day. For infusion, take a tablespoon of flowers and steam with a glass of boiling water, let it brew for 2-2.5 hours.
• For radiculitis, prepare an ointment from lilac buds and rub it into the sore spot. Ointment - table. l. lilac buds crushed to powder and 4 tablespoons of unsalted lard, mix everything well until smooth.
• For the treatment of thrombophlebitis Lilac leaves are used. The feet should be steamed and covered with fresh leaves; you can make a poultice from fresh leaves or a very strong decoction for lotions. For internal use, make a vodka tincture from lilac flowers. Take 1 part of lilac flowers and 10 parts of vodka, leave in a dark place for 10-12 days. Take 25-30 drops three times a day.

Contraindications

Before using preparations prepared on the basis of lilac, you should consult a doctor. You should not use lilac treatment for long-term irregularities in the menstrual cycle in women, for chronic renal failure, or for constipation. When using lilac flowers to prepare infusions and decoctions, you must strictly adhere to prescription recommendations; in case of an overdose, you can get poison, not medicine. You shouldn’t get carried away with eating “lucky” five-petalled flowers either, otherwise you’ll find happiness in a hospital bed.