Filters for rough and fine water purification.
There are several effective systems for the initial purification and preparation of drinking water, and one of the most popular is mechanical. Mechanical filters protect your plumbing and household appliances, washing machines and dishwashers. Such systems cut directly into the water supply system, called mains, and can be installed on both cold and hot water pipes.
Mechanical water filters can withstand pressure up to 16 bar. These are excellent indicators, and in many cases there will be no need to install a pressure reducing valve. There are models made of plastic and metal, each company that produces filters for mechanical treatment of water supplies them with additional functional parts - a transparent case, a washing tap.
www.site recommends installing a filter for mechanical purification of water, if it does not meet certain standards, it contains a suspension, rust. These primary filters work best in conjunction with other systems. You can get advice on installing the filter, buy it and order delivery from our specialists or directly on the site. We provide guarantees for all equipment purchased from us, offer a wide range of various components and replacement elements.
The amount of water in the compressed air system may be unexpected. How much water can be found in a typical compressed air system? The amount of water in the compressed air system is amazing. Compressed air and its purification systems. By identifying the various types of pollutants that can be found in a compressed air system, we can study the technologies available for its processing and disposal.
It is used to protect coalescing filters in compressed air systems where the volume of condensate is too high. A condensate separator will remove 90% of the liquid condensate. They are used to retain particles when there is no fluid present. For absolute filtration, a membrane filter should be used.
HONEYWELL water filters
We offer to purchase for home use high-performance high-quality fine filters of the Honeywell brand. On this page is the HONEYWELL catalog, which presents a wide range of filtration systems by series. These are really effective systems for filtering water from any impurities - rust, grains of sand, organic debris.
A distinctive feature of these filters is a self-cleaning system. Each Honeywell filter does not just filter out, but removes the collected garbage in a special container or directly into the sewer. Thanks to this, you can not be afraid of water blockages. There are models in which a reverse cleaning system is implemented - it has established itself as the most effective.
The Honeywell mechanical filter has a very long service life - this was especially appreciated by consumers choosing models that fit directly into the water supply system. Proper installation of such a filter will provide you with the initial water treatment, which can be supplemented with other systems. HONEYWELL water purification filters have all the necessary certificates of quality and conformity, a manufacturer's guarantee. www.site is the official representative of the company LLC NPO Rusfilter and ZAO Honivell and has all the necessary certificates for the products of these companies.
www.site not only implements modern filtering systems of this brand, but also offers high-quality installation of any model. The HONEYWELL catalog is constantly updated with new developments, and since we are official representatives of the company, you can purchase from us ORIGINAL filters fine cleaning at guaranteed low prices.
Coalescing filters are probably the most important elements of a cleaning system in any compressed air system. They are designed to remove oil and water aerosols using mechanical filtration methods and have the added benefit of removing particulate matter at the lowest level.
Installed in pairs, many users believe that one removes oil and the other removes particles when in fact two filters have the same function. The first general purpose filter is used to protect a high-performance filter from a large amount of contaminants. This dual mode ensures continuous operation, providing high quality compressed air with low operating costs and minimal maintenance.
Designed to purify water from inorganic and organic particles in suspension in water when water passes through the filter material sand, gravel, porcelain, ceramics and clay products (expanded clay, porcelain tubes, etc.), synthetic material (cotton, fiber, foam, foam, etc.). In addition, it can aerate and circulate water in the aquarium.
Microbiological filter. Absolute removal of solid particles of material and microorganisms is achieved using a membrane filter. They are used when there is a need for sterile compressed air. The vessels are made of stainless steel, which allows to sterilize the vessel of the element. It is important to note that the tube between the vessel and the site of use should be regularly cleaned and sterilized.
Water vapor is water in the form of gas and is removed from the compressed air using dryers with compressed air, and its productivity is measured through the dew point under pressure. Cooling dryers operate in a continuous system, cooling the air and limiting to positive pressure dew points to prevent freezing of liquid condensate.
Absorption (“absorb” - to suck in, absorb) filters are the same mechanical, but in them between the layers of the filter material is placed a layer of activated carbon or other substance capable of absorbing organic decomposition products, dyes or toxic substances from water. If peat or marble is added to the mechanical filter, it will regulate the hydrochemical regime, stabilize the pH, saturating the water with the necessary substances (calcium salts, humic acids, etc.). In addition, it can aerate and circulate water in the aquarium.
Adsorption desiccants remove water vapor present in compressed air as it passes through its desiccant layer. This means that condensation water vapor must reach a temperature below the dew point. The temperature of the compressed air leaving the adsorption dryer is not the same as the dew point temperature.
Serial number: The field is filled with six numeric digits related to the increasing sequence of products produced. Production: The field is filled with four alphanumeric numbers related to voltage, version, month, and year. Rotation: Basket rotation speed: 630 rpm. The installation service includes: - Unpacking the product. - Remove the shims that hold the tank in accordance with - Adjust the leveling feet. - Install the hoses. - Plug the device into a power outlet. - Direct the consumer to the correct way to wash clothes and care while maintaining the washing machine. Installation Procedure 1 The material used is the stylus. Step 2 Step Use the stylus to cut the cardboard into a dashed line located at the bottom around the entire box. Remove the cardboard box from the machine and remove the 4 side supports from expanded polystyrene. Tilt the washer back, supporting its back on a cardboard box and removing the foam polystyrene base. Return the washer to its normal position and place it in the workplace. Open the lid and remove the expanded polystyrene gasket that holds the tank. Also, remove the instruction manual with the accessories that came with it. Connect the bent side of the water inlet hose by inserting the retainer sleeve into the washer. Attach the other side of the hose to the tap. If it exceeds this value, use a gearbox. In this case, it is recommended to install a filter at the outlet of the outlet or into the outlet. If the water pressure on the tap or after the filter is inserted is below the minimum value, the washer will not work as expected. Insert the plastic curve that came with the product at the end of the water drain hose. Position the hose at the edge of the tank or drain hose, observing a minimum height of 90 cm and not more than 100 cm so that water does not flow during operation. The sewer pipe must have a minimum diameter of 50 mm. When the washer is already in its final position and uses one level, level the product by screwing on the legs until the washer is firmly secured to all four legs on the floor. If possible, compare the level with your front legs only. There is no need to use a lock nut, since the deformation of the feet in contact with the base prevents loosening. 9 The use of non-original feet is prohibited. 3 Electrical connection Before connecting the washer to an electrical outlet, make sure that: This standard provides that the minimum wiring for the sockets is 2.5 mm2. The presence of a grounding wire and a special thermal switch in a closed and easily accessible place. If not, install the puck only after the customer has provided them. The plug and socket are compatible, avoiding the use of adapters. If necessary, replace the existing plug with a compatible plug on the washer plug. The supply voltage corresponds to the voltage indicated in the washer, in accordance with the label located on the power cord. They must be installed as shown below and have the following meanings: 10 5 Location The washer must be installed on a sturdy, flat floor in an airy place and at a distance that will not cause the housing to corrode as a function of moisture. There are 3 levels that can be selected depending on the amount and type of washing to wash. The following table shows the water level in relation to the amount of laundry: 4 Softener dispenser This is a device that automatically distributes the softener when rinsing the laundry. To use the dispenser, place it in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Fill the dispenser with water to the level indicated by the cap. Do not fill the dispenser above this level. Then program the washer and, after starting the cycle, wait until the washer shuts off to open the cover. If the washer is interrupted during rotation, the dispenser will issue a solution for the softener in advance. They can cause serious damage to the washing machine and clothes. - It is advisable to bleach or repair broken parts, as well as a zipper nail and loose handles. - Rinse only fabrics that are suitable for use in washing machines in accordance with the instructions on the clothing labels. - Choose clothes according to the type of fabric, color and degree of soiling in accordance with the recommended table. - White and colored clothing should be washed separately to avoid the transfer of dye between parts, staining them. - Wool clothing should always be washed separately and in cold water. - Do not use chemicals for dry cleaning. - Use high-quality powder or liquid soap in the amount recommended by the manufacturer. The fabrics loaded into the washer are kept under constant stirring through the combined movements of the mixer and basket. The soap powder dissolves during this movement. Then the chemical action dissolves the dirt, which is removed by strong mechanical action. 1 Description of a washing machine for clothes A washing machine consists mainly of a housing, gearbox, tank and basket. The drawing on the side shows that the water in the washer is fed through a water supply valve. Then the water passes through the dispensing hose and during filling it falls onto the laundry and the soap powder, dissolving it and mixing with the fibers of the laundry. During mixing, water is recycled from the basket to the tank and returned to the tank in continuous motion, supported by the action of the recirculation pump. In other embodiments, the movement of the recirculation is facilitated by the movement of the basket itself. Water circulates from the basket to the tank, returning to the basket through a self-cleaning filter located at the bottom of the basket. After cycles of shaking and grinding, the water is drained and the rinse process begins, when the washer re-introduces the water, mixes and drains the water to begin centrifugation. At the beginning of this first centrifugation, the washing machine allows clean water to improve rinsing, and then a softener is released, which after an additional period of mixing is drained with water. Then the second rotation begins, when the laundry, at the end of the program, is ready to go to the dryer or to be expanded. 1 Cupboard The washing machine is equipped with a steel sheet that is chemically treated to clean the surface and improve paint adhesion. Then the cabinet is painted white. This paint protects the housing from corrosion and chemical attack on the laundry. The necessary components for the operation of the washing machine are installed in the cabinet: water valve, timer and pressure switch. To reduce these efforts, the washer is equipped with a shock-absorbing system. To centralize the tank, it is necessary to act on smaller horizontal springs, initially stretching them with the same intensity, that is, placing them in the same position during the break of the guide base. If the tank remains out of position, stretch the springs in the opposite direction of displacement until the tank is centralized. To balance, the tank must work on large vertical springs, stretching them until the tank, during mixing and centrifugation, shows lateral vibrations back and forth. Water inlet hose Recirculation pump 7 Container for softener The container for the softener is located on the top of the mixer and consists of a lid and glass. Clean soft cloth Note: There is no need to remove the hinges from the cabinet 20 3 Cover To remove the top cover, you must first remove the top of the washer using a wooden cutting board and a hammer. Remove the two pins that secure the cover by pressing the hammer on the pallet that is supported by the pin, as shown in the figure below. Pressure switch, keys and selector switches, it is necessary to remove the control unit from the top of the washer. Disconnect the valve from the cabinet. In an 8 kg washer, the valve is placed in the control unit. 4 Drain pump With universal pliers, remove the clamps that secure the pump inlet and outlet hoses. Disconnect the two motor connectors. If using universal pliers, remove the clamps that secure the pump inlet and outlet hoses. To replace it, remove the flask from the tank and remove excess glue. Then press the cap onto the tank and, using a screwdriver, disconnect the latches that secure the cap to the tank. 8 Mixer Remove container for softener. In an 8 kg washer, a self-cleaning filter is installed on the bottom of the basket. To remove it, you must first remove the basket and remove the glue that attaches the filter to the basket. Just turn the filter to turn it off. 11 Mechanical water seal To remove the seal, the basket must first be removed. To disassemble it, simply press the mechanical seal in place and remove the rubber ring. To remove the seat from the mechanical seal, simply pull it as shown below. There are two rubber gaskets on this seal. To remove it, remove the first lining of the upper pipe tube. Then simply press the mechanical seal seat and remove the second casing. With universal pliers, remove the clamp that secures the drain hose from the tank to the drain pump. Then release the pump hose. Loosen the engine pulley belt and remove the engine. 14 Transmission In transmissions, the rotational movement coming from the pulley during shaking is transmitted from the lower shaft and from it through the gears and the upper shaft to the mixer, causing it to perform a reverse movement forward, the movement of the mixer drags water, and it drags the basket. When water drags the basket clockwise, a large external spring acts on the transmission, which, hugging the lower tube, prevents the basket from turning. In current transmissions, this large spring is replaced by a locking roller that rotates freely in one direction and locks in the opposite direction. During centrifugation, the direction of rotation of the engine is reversed, causing the smaller spring internal to the transmission to block and cause movement transmitted through the gearbox cover and the upper tube directly to the basket. Note: Spring or roller bearings are interchangeable. To remove the gearbox, it is necessary to remove the reservoir. Release the transmission belt. 8kg washers leave the factory with a support bearing kit that prevents breakage of the transmission bearing, which contains two spacer washers, a ring and three auxiliary tank wedges. When it is necessary to change the compact gearbox in models where the kit does not exist, it must be ordered with the gearbox. Assembly should be carried out in accordance with the following drawings. Note. The kit must not press on the bearing, which serves only as a support. Then remove the 6 balancing springs that secure the base shoulder bearing to the base of the washer. During installation, make sure that the base supporting the engine is facing the back of the washer. Circlip 16 of the bearing of the pillow block bearing consists of a ring with Teflon polypropylene seats. The upper face of the ring is indicated by an arrow on its outer surface, as shown in the figure on the side. To remove the thrust bearings, the rings must be removed from the base of the lever arm. When triggered, centrifugation is delayed after the last rinse. This is a bimetallic type switch, usually covered by a metal support, which locks it in resistance. Its fastening is guaranteed by the finish, which expands when it is fixed. Mounting to the tank is done through a thermostat holder that prevents contact with the tank or basket. This component should be replaced on the back of the product by simply removing the back cover. 25 First, the “micro switch”, if the lid is properly closed, allows electric current to pass through. The lock is then activated by heating the bimetallic compound, which then closes the contact and passes an electric current so that the washing machine performs centrifugation. Important: If you need to stop rotation, turn off the washing machine by pressing the timer button. When the selected level is reached, the water inlet valve remains on. When the selected level is reached on the pressure switch, the pressure switch turns off the water supply valve and starts the selected wash program on the timer. A pressure sensor is located inside the control unit next to the water level control knob. It consists of two upper and lower chambers separated by a diaphragm. The upper chamber contains quick contacts connected in the center of the diaphragm using a level mechanism. The lower chamber is hermetically closed and connected through a small tube to the pressure switch bulb. When water enters the washer, the water level rises and therefore the air pressure in the lower chamber. The increased pressure on the diaphragm reinforces the same against quick contacts, acting on them, increases depending on the pressure. If there is air leakage in the diaphragm, pressure chamber, tube or bulb, there will be no pressure on the membrane and the washer will overflow. The valve is connected externally to the water inlet hose and internally to the tank hose. 27 The diaphragm at rest does not allow water to pass. If the water pressure is too high, there will be water flow, because the spring pressure is not enough to close the diaphragm. A screen filter exists to prevent any residue from entering the diaphragm. If this happens, the valve will allow the passage of water characterized by an irregular state. Then the needle is pressed against the spring, which is compressed. The water pressure is enough to push out the diaphragm, allowing water to pass through. If the water pressure is too low, even when the spring is compressed, the diaphragm will not allow water to pass. It is mainly formed by a rotor, evolutor, stator and propeller. The rotor consists of a permanent magnet, the direction of rotation of which can be either clockwise or counterclockwise. An important feature of the rotor is that it can rotate about 1/4 turn without moving the propeller. Therefore, if the pump is blocked due to a foreign object, the rotor must perform a short time and counterclockwise until it is unlocked. 28 Your description and test is identical to the description of the drain pump. The capacitor is connected in series with the auxiliary winding; shutdown occurs shortly after starting the engine. Using a suitable starting capacitor, the auxiliary winding current with a stationary rotor can be increased in relation to the main winding current by 90 °, increasing the starting moment. Make sure that the resistance value tends to zero, and soon after that it increases to an infinite value. Since single-phase motors are not equipped with a starting torque, the torque is provided by adding 90 ° with an electrically delayed starting coil relative to the main coil. The delay is achieved by adding a capacitor in series with the auxiliary coil. Overload protection consists of a concave bimetallic disk that connects two electrical contacts connected in series with a resistor. When an increase in current or temperature occurs, the disk is deformed, opening the contacts. When you stop the action, the drive will reconnect the contacts. Therefore, pay attention to the time required to disable the overload protection. It is driven by a low rotation synchronous motor that transmits rotational motion through a reduction box. The timer works through switch contacts controlled by a set of gears and levers. 32 Use them to check which component is faulty or if an error has occurred in the assembly. The only difference is the timer motor, which varies depending on the voltage with which it will operate. Example: Step 1 of the timer corresponding to the start of the program. When the resistance is infinite, the step is 36 or for all other timer models, the description is similar, changing only the addresses and duration of each program. The time chart or time chart describes all timer programming. Aquariumism is a hobby that can lead its practitioners to a completely new universe, and with it to various new knowledge and some doubts.
Depending on the speed of water passage, the filters are divided into fast and slow. Airlift is usually the source of water movement in slow filters. The principle of its operation is as follows: the air flow from the compressor in the form of small bubbles is mixed with water; the air-gas mixture rises in a narrow vertical channel (tube) above the water level in the aquarium. Thus, water is pumped through the tube, and the filter element can be installed at the entrance to the tube or at the exit from it.
In fast filters, the source of water movement is mechanical (most often centrifugal) water pumps (pumps). They create a high pressure of water, thereby providing a higher speed of its circulation through the filter element.
Bacteria that convert organic compounds to mineral ones settle on the surface of the filter element. However, since the volume of mechanical filters is small, complete decomposition of organic substances in them does not occur. Using mechanical filters, aquarists often make one mistake. When the filter is working, the microorganisms living in it oxidize organic compounds, for this they need a constant flow of oxygen. Some aquarists, at night, avoiding noise or following the instructions for use of the compressor, turn it off, stopping the supply of oxygen to the filter. In the absence of oxygen, instead of almost harmless substances, hydrogen sulfide H 2 S, methane CH 4, ammonia NH 3, which are highly toxic for fish, begin to be produced. During the stoppage of the filter, these substances accumulate in it, and when it is turned on again, they are immediately released into water in large quantities. This can lead to mass poisoning of fish or injuries associated with a jump in water parameters (primarily pH). Therefore, aquarists should not turn off working mechanical filters without rinsing or replacing the filter element.
Mechanical and absorption filters must be regularly, at least 1 time per month, cleaned, washed with filter media, replaced with absorbent material. In the process, a large amount of toxic substances is concentrated in them, and if not cleaned, they can cause fish poisoning.
After the filter stops working, for 1 day or more, it is necessary to rinse the filter material before turning it on, because anaerobic bacteria appear in it due to a lack of oxygen, and the water drained into the aquarium will be saturated with the toxic substances that they produce.
Now we dwell on the structural elements and technological features of the filters. Depending on the installation site, external and internal filters are distinguished.
The basic design of the internal mechanical filter is shown in Fig. 12. The filter consists of a housing (1) in which there are two openings: one large inlet (2) and the other outlet (3) of a smaller size. A sprayer connected to a compressor can be lowered into the output channel, thereby creating the simplest airlift. In this case, the diameter of the inlet channel should be slightly larger than the diameter of the atomizer. If you intend to attach a filter to the pump, then the design of the outlet must correspond to the diameter of the connecting hose and provide a reliable and tight connection to the pump. The inner cavity of the filter between the restriction gratings (4) is filled with a filter element (5). The filter element must completely fill this cavity, otherwise unfilled channels may form through which the main stream of water rushes.
Coarse sand, gravel, porous polystyrene foam, waterproof foam rubber, synthetic fibers or cotton wool are used as a filter element. The main thing is the chemical inertness of the material used, stability in water, the possibility of washing and replacing it.
External filters in action are no different from internal ones. Their advantages over internal ones are that they have a larger volume, do not clutter the aquarium, it is easier to replace or wash the filter element in them. When operating an outdoor filter, it is important to prevent it from overflowing with aquarium water. Therefore, usually, water is pumped from the filter to the aquarium, and returns by gravity through a spillway or through a U-shaped tube filled with water. In fig. 13 shows design options and methods for attaching external filters.
Fig. 12. Internal mechanical filter:
1 - housing, 2 - inlet
3 - outlet, 4 - restrictive grilles,
5 - filter element, 6 - airlift.
Fig. 13. External mechanical filter:
1 - U-shaped tube for supplying water to the filter
2 - airlift, 3 - filter element.
Biological filter
Biological filters are more complex designs. It has already been noted that in nature, self-purification of water occurs due to bacteria and other microorganisms, as a result of which the biological equilibrium in the reservoir is maintained. Since a complete self-purification of water is usually impossible in an aquarium, sooner or later (usually after 1 - 2 years) you have to completely change the water and wash the soil. The more fish there are in the aquarium, the more often you have to do it. Using a biofilter allows you to significantly delay the period of general cleaning of the aquarium.
A biological filter is a living organism. Water purification in it is carried out by microorganisms that settle on the surface of the biofilter filler, and consists of the following main stages: mineralization, nitrification and denitrification. In the process of life, various nitrogen-containing organic substances, for example, amino acids, as well as decay products, such as urea, accumulate in the aquarium water. One example of mineralization is the deamination process, during which ammonium is formed. Deamination of protein substances requires the participation of heterotrophic bacteria. After this, autotrophic bacteria that oxidize ammonium to nitrites and nitrates begin their activity, that is, they carry out the nitrification process - the next stage of biological treatment. Bacteria nitrosomonas oxidize ammonium to nitrites, and bacteria nitrobacter oxidize nitrites to nitrates. Nitrites and nitrates dissolved in water are reduced with the formation of ultimately free nitrogen, which is released into the atmosphere. The processes of reduction of nitrites and nitrates occur with the participation of heterotrophic bacteria - denitrifiers (for example, the pseudomonas bacteria), which, unlike the previous ones, can exist only in an anaerobic (oxygen-free) environment. Anaerobic conditions are created in the filter layers experiencing oxygen deficiency, as well as in the soil of the aquarium.
Fig 14. Biofilter circuit
How to determine the effectiveness of a biofilter? The processes of mineralization, nitrification, denitrification in a balanced aquarium occurs sequentially and interconnectedly. An indicator of high-quality water purification can be the concentration of ammonium, which should not exceed 0.1 mg / l.
In an aquarium equipped with a biofilter, it is unacceptable to add a number of medical preparations, since they can completely suppress the microflora of the biofilter. The most active in this regard are sulfanilamide, erythromycin, chlortetracycline, methylene blue, potassium permanganate. The optimum pH range for the biofilter is 7.0 - 8.0. Like any living organism, the biofilter is an active consumer of oxygen.
As a filler of a biofilter, it is best to use gravel with an optimal particle size of 2 - 5 mm, and it is desirable that the particles are angular, because they have a large surface compared to round ones. Smaller gravel will not allow water to pass through, while coarser gravel will have less surface area. The surface area of \u200b\u200bthe biofilter is crucial, it should be at least equal to the area of \u200b\u200bthe aquarium. The optimal thickness of the gravel layer is not more than 5 - 7.6 cm.
Biofilters are external and internal. The external biofilter can be made of plexiglass. It should consist of blowing compartments.
- Mechanical (rough) cleaning -ordinary mechanical filter. Perlon, nylon and other polymer fibers can serve as a filtering element; all this is placed in a removable cartridge for easy washing.
- Aeration tank - in it there is a saturation of water with oxygen, the primary oxidation of organic matter and its decomposition by various bacteria that accumulate in the compartment. The combination of these bacteria and other microorganisms is called activated sludge. The greatest cleaning effect is achieved when the sludge is in suspension and under very good oxygen conditions, so the mixing of water with the supplied air should be strong. With the development of filamentous algae in aeration tank, activated sludge swells (it becomes ill), therefore their presence is undesirable. At the exit, a layer of gravel is laid out from the aeration tank so that the sludge is not washed out.
- Actually biofilter - in it, water is purified by protozoa (infusoria, rotifers) and various primitive fungi, and the work of bacteria continues. The products of the metabolism of microorganisms, as well as the final decomposition products of organics and nitrogen-containing compounds, are removed by plants and algae. In this regard, the algae “cladofora” and houseplants “philodendron” and “chlorophytum” proved especially positive. The biofilter with plants needs bright lighting.
The biofilter device diagram is shown in Fig. 14. Water supply in the biofilter can be carried out by airlift or other pump. The water exchange must be such that 50 to 100% of the volume of the aquarium is pumped through the biofilter in an hour.
Fig. 15. Internal biofilters with various options for supplying air to airlifts
Fig. 16. Scheme of the internal biofilter:
1 - body of a mechanical filter;
2, 3 - removable cover;
4 - cartridge with filtering material;
5 - soil aquarium;
6 - nylon mesh;
7 - perforated plate (false);
8 - airlift tube; 9 - sleeve;
10 - glass tube; 11 - thermal relay.
For most lovers, it is easier to make an internal biofilter. In this case, the aquarium itself is a biofilter, and a conventional mechanical filter turns into its compartment. The device of internal biofilters with various options for water supply. shown in figures 14, 15, 16. It consists of a mechanical filter housing with a removable cassette filled with filter material, a “complex” bottom (perforated plexiglass plate) on which the soil is laid, tubes that feed water from the mechanical filter under a “false” ”Bottom, and airlift and pump. Airlift delivers water from the aquarium to the mechanical filter section, while the water level in the section rises above the total water level in the aquarium by 10 - 15 cm. Water saturated with oxygen passing through the cassette is subjected to rough cleaning. Then it enters the soil and, passing through it, undergoes biological treatment. When using such a filter, an aquarium with a capacity of 100 l can work without washing the soil, completely changing the water; and with an average density of fish (2 - 3 liters per 1 fish 4 -5 cm long) for three years. In this case, care for the aquarium is greatly facilitated. It comes down to replacing 1/10 of the water and washing the filter cartridge once a week. Air may be supplied from the microcompressor. This filter is very efficient and requires minimal energy consumption.
Fig. 17. Cross section of the aquarium showing the device filter plate (false) of corrugated fiberglass
I want to note to lovers of aquatic plants that such filters do not have a significant effect on plant growth. Biofilters are effective when the aquarium contains a large number of fish and relatively few plants. After all, higher plants themselves are wonderful “biological filters”, absorbing many organic substances, metabolic products, absorbing carbon dioxide and enriching water with oxygen.
Chemical filter
Chemical filtration removes toxic chemical products, such as ammonia, by adsorption (not to be confused with absorption, absorption) on a porous surface. The most common are activated carbon and zeolite, there are other means.
Chemical cleaning is a specific type, since it removes certain compounds from water for which the reagent used is intended. Chemical cleaning systems are used, for example, in the preparation of tap water and the removal of chlorine (as discussed above). For existing aquariums of particular interest is the type of chemical water purification associated with filtering it through activated carbon, ion-exchange resins, and some other substances.
Charcoal filters are mainly used to bleach water and remove nitrates, phenols, chlorine, pesticides and some other substances. The high absorption capacity of activated carbon is due to the porous surface. For example, the true surface of 1 g of high quality activated carbon is 200 - 500 m 2 100 g of activated carbon can extract up to 55 g of dissolved substances from water.
The adsorption capacity is influenced by various factors:
- pH and water temperature
- water flow rate
- concentration of substances
- particle size of the adsorbent and its quality.
The cleaning process in the carbon filter can be divided into two stages. At the first stage, adsorption of organic molecules and inorganic ions on coal particles sometimes occurs; at the second stage, some organic compounds are decomposed into minerals. So the processes of adsorption and biological treatment of water are combined.
Due to its high absorption capacity, activated carbon quickly clogs up, starts working like a simple mechanical filter and needs to be cleaned. To restore this filter, you need to boil activated carbon in distilled water for an hour, changing the water twice. Due to the complexity of restoring the adsorption capacity of coal at home and the lack of filters produced by the industry, they are not widely used among aquarists in our country. In some cases, the use of activated carbon filters is a necessity, for example, when keeping a saltwater aquarium or breeding fish that are very sensitive to water purity. In all cases, attention should be paid to the quality of coal.
In aquarium filters, ion-exchange resins (cation exchangers and anion exchangers) can be used, which are described in the chapter on water softening. To remove cations, for example, unwanted ammonium ions (NH 4 +), KU-2, KU-23 cation exchangers can be used. However, it must be remembered that along with these cations, others will also be removed, for example, Ca 2+, Md 2 + K +, etc.
Using ion-exchange resins (anion exchangers), for example, AB-17, it is possible to remove anions NO 2 -, NO 3 -, PO 4 - 3, SO 4 2 - and others. Preparation of cation exchangers and anion exchangers for use in filters is similar to that used before desalination, however, instead of hydrochloric acid and alkali solutions, a 5 - 10% solution of sodium chloride NaCl should be used here for the treatment of both types of resins.
The disadvantage of resins is their rapid contamination with organic substances. Therefore, to ensure the normal operation of the ion-exchange filter, water must first pass through a mechanical filter, and even better, through a biological filter.
As the fillers of the filters, which can carry out the chemical purification of water, horse peat should be mentioned. Peat filters are used in cases where it is necessary to obtain soft and acidic water and maintain it in this state. Using a peat filler (periodically replacing it with fresh), water of very high hardness (20 ° dGH) can be turned into soft water (less than 4є) within 2 to 3 days.
Flotation water treatment
Flotation - removal of unwanted impurities from the water along with the resulting foam. This method, well known in the mining industry, has been successfully applied in aquarium practice.
The essence of the method is based on the ability of many substances to adsorb on the surface of gas bubbles passing through a liquid. Bubbles of gas rise to the surface of the liquid, forming a foam in which undesirable impurities are concentrated. Foam along with impurities is removed and thus the water is purified.
In fig. 18 is a diagram of a simple flotator. The principle of its work is as follows. Water from the aquarium through a mechanical filter continuously enters the flotator. Air from the compressor is supplied to the atomizer (1), after which it rises to the surface of the water in the form of a large number of small bubbles. Adsorption of mainly organic substances occurs on the surface of the bubbles. Foam forms on the surface of the flotator, which is retained by the foam trap (2) and carried out to a container to collect contaminants. Treated water is supplied to the aquarium or other cleaning devices. Flotation treatment is good to carry out before biological filtration.
Race 18. The filter for water purification:
1 - spray, 2 - foam.
Water disinfection
For the destruction of pathogenic forms in water ultraviolet and ozone disinfection.
Ultraviolet disinfection
Ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 200 - 280 nm destroys nucleic acid molecules in the nuclei of cells and leads to their death. It kills many bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms. The effectiveness of UV irradiation depends on the degree of water pollution, the thickness of its layer. the size of the exposed organisms, the intensity of exposure and its duration.
Water treatment with ultraviolet rays allows its disinfection: undesirable various microorganisms are destroyed, which develop in large numbers when a large number of fish are kept in a closed aquarium system. In this way, you can free water from bacteria, viruses, spores of fungi (saprolegnia, etc.) and some protozoa.
The dose of radiation received by the body is determined by multiplying the lamp power by the duration of exposure. Usually, the larger the body, the greater its lethal dose. So, for example, the lethal dose for unicellular organisms with radiation with a wavelength of about 250 nm is 1 W. s, for protozoa and those with increased resistance to fungi 10 times, for bacteria and other fungi 70 times and for viruses 300 times less.
Therefore, the UV sterilizer is used by installing it outside the aquarium after filters of mechanical and biological water purification. Each filter contains a different number of bacteria, and among them there can be all kinds of microorganisms and pathogens, so this way you can prevent them from entering the aquarium. With the right water flow rate providing the necessary dose of radiation, they will die in the sterilizer. But UV radiation does not have a therapeutic effect in the onset of the disease.
Fig. 19. Scheme of the UV sterilizer:
1 - lamp, 2 - casing,
3 - housing.
The UV sterilizer (Fig. 19) consists of a UV lamp (type BU V-15, etc.) (1) enclosed in a casing (2) made of quartz glass and a housing (3) with inlet and outlet pipes. Over time, the outer surface of the casing is covered with deposits of mineral salts and should be removed with hydrochloric acid.
The efficiency of ultraviolet devices above the UV sterilizer includes a metal or plastic casing (to protect the skin and eyes) with an emitter located inside it (BUV-15 lamp, etc.) mounted in a quartz flask with inlet and outlet nozzles water. Today, UV lamps built into a portable mechanical filter (Italian company “Sicce” and others) are becoming more widespread. When constructing a sterilizer on your own, it must be taken into account that ultraviolet rays do not penetrate to a depth of more than 5 cm. The penetrating ability of the rays reduces the biofilm, which over time covers the outer surface of the glass of the lamp. In turbid and saturated organic water, UV - sterilization becomes meaningless. The flow rate during disinfection should not be less than the volume of the system in bitches. The continuous life of UV lamps is 8,000 hours.
Less effective, but simpler is the so-called surface irradiator, consisting of a UV lamp with a reflector mounted at a height of 10 - 20 cm above a shallow trough through which water is passed, and its layer should not exceed 5 - 6 cm, because at a depth of 10 cm, the rays no longer work.
Irradiation in the ultraviolet region of the light achieves the greatest effect when combined with other types of water treatment, in particular with biofiltration.
Ozone disinfection
Ozone (O 3) is an unstable form of oxygen, the molecules of which consist of three atoms. The third atom is weakly bound and easily falls off in water. Thus, atomic and molecular oxygen is formed. A free atom has a strong oxidizing ability, killing bacteria, microbes, eggs, sperm, etc.
Ozonation destroys predominantly free-floating microflora and acquires special urgency in the soft, acidic water of tropical aquariums. With a contact duration of 5 to 10 minutes, the effective dose is 0.5 to 4 mg / l. For household use ultraviolet ozonizers, providing an ozone output of 1 - 10 mg / l, or 0.5 - 1 mg / h.
A significant advantage of ozonation is that ozone does not leave harmful substances in the water after treatment. Traces of this gas, toxic to aquatic organisms, are removed after a short time. It has been established, for example, that algae die at a concentration of O 3 in water of 0.5 - 1.0 mg / l; daphnia and cyclops - at a concentration of about 2 mg / l.
Fig. 20. Ozone filter:
1 - aquarium, 2 - filter housing
3 - activated carbon
4 - synthetic fiber
5 - spray
Ozonation of water should not be carried out in an aquarium, but in a separate vessel in order to avoid damage to the fish. Water from this vessel should be fed to the aquarium through a charcoal filter, with which traces of dissolved ozone are removed, preventing them from reaching the fish.
Ozonation of water is carried out in an external filter, then passing water through a layer of activated carbon, which eliminates the smallest traces of ozone from the water, while the water retains almost completely bactericidal properties (Fig. 20). The dose of ozone required for disinfection varies depending on the object of exposure, the content of organic substances in water, the temperature and pH of the water and averages 0.5 to 4 mg / l.
V. Migulin (RiR 3/69) reports positive ozonation results for sterilizing water in a spawning aquarium and incubator. Water is ozonized for 15 to 20 minutes, and then aerated for the same time.
Ozonation of water is especially effective if it is combined with other methods of water purification. For example, water can be ozonized after flotators or biological filters.
The use of ozone in the foam separators of the aquarium is undesirable, since residual ozone is very toxic, and the saturation of water with oxygen can lead aquatic organisms to gas embolism.
When designing and manufacturing objects in which ozone is located, it should be noted that ozone and its aqueous solutions are extremely aggressive and destroy steel, cast iron, copper, rubber, ebonite. Of metals, stainless steel and aluminum should be used, which can stand for several years. Connecting tubes are made of polyvinyl chloride, etc. materials, seals are made of ethylene-propylene. Ceramics and glass are resistant to ozone.
The performance of the ozonizer can be determined as follows. 200 ml of distilled water and 0.5 ml of acetic acid are poured into a glass dish, a teaspoon of potassium iodide is added and, after stirring, the solution is poured into a glass flask of the smallest diameter, at the bottom of which there is a nebulizer connected by a tube to an ozonizer. The solution is ozonized for an hour (a few minutes after turning on the ozonizer, the solution becomes brown). Then, 1 cm 3 of starch is introduced into the solution, while it acquires a blue color, and is titrated with sodium thiosulfate until brightened. The amount of thiosulfate used for titration in mg is multiplied by 1.2 and the approximate productivity of the ozonizer in mg / h is obtained.
Based on the foregoing, we can draw the following conclusions: intensive cleaning frees up the medium from mechanical suspension, toxic substances of organic decay and pathogenic microorganisms. Allows to minimize labor costs for maintenance of the aquarium; reduces consumption of water - a valuable national economic raw material; creates comfortable conditions for the maintenance and reproduction of aquatic animals and plants; significantly increases the decorative effect.
